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    Lecture 3 Networks II

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    Anuska Ghosh
    This document discusses computer networks and contains 3 main sections: 1. It describes different categories of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN based on their size and geographic reach. 2. It provides a brief history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET connecting a few research organizations to today's vast network of interconnected private, public, and academic networks. 3. It discusses protocols and standards, defining them as agreed-upon rules for data communication, and describes standards organizations and the process for developing Internet standards.

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    Lecture 3 Networks II

    Uploaded by

    Anuska Ghosh
    7 views15 pages
    This document discusses computer networks and contains 3 main sections: 1. It describes different categories of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN based on their size and geographic reach. 2. It provides a brief history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET connecting a few research organizations to today's vast network of interconnected private, public, and academic networks. 3. It discusses protocols and standards, defining them as agreed-upon rules for data communication, and describes standards organizations and the process for developing Internet standards.

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    This document discusses computer networks and contains 3 main sections: 1. It describes different categories of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN based on their size and geographic reach. 2. It provides a brief history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET connecting a few research organizations to today's vast network of interconnected private, public, and academic networks. 3. It discusses protocols and standards, defining them as agreed-upon rules for data communication, and describes standards organizations and the process for developing Internet standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views15 pages

    Lecture 3 Networks II

    Uploaded by

    Anuska Ghosh
    This document discusses computer networks and contains 3 main sections: 1. It describes different categories of networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN based on their size and geographic reach. 2. It provides a brief history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET connecting a few research organizations to today's vast network of interconnected private, public, and academic networks. 3. It discusses protocols and standards, defining them as agreed-upon rules for data communication, and describes standards organizations and the process for developing Internet standards.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women

    (University of Delhi)

    Introduction to Computer Networks

    Part-1
    B.Sc. (H) Computer Science 3rd Semester

    Lecture-3

    Faculty: Manish Kumar Singh


    Asst. Professor (Dept. of Computer Science)
    Shyama Prasad Mukherji College
    Categories of Networks
    • Network Category depends on its size
    • Three primary categories
    1. LAN: Covers area < 2 miles
    2. MAN: Between LAN & WAN, span 10s of miles
    3. WAN: Can be worldwide

    1.2
    Categories of Networks
    1. Local Area Network (LAN)
    • Privately owned
    • Links devices in the same office, building, or campus
    • Simple LAN: 2 PCs & 1 printer in home or office
    • Size is limited to a few kilometers
    • Allow resources to be shared (hardware, software, or data)

    Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a


    1.3 closet
    Categories of Networks
    Local Area Network (LAN) CONTD.
    ❑ LAN is distinguished by:
    1. Size (# users of OS, or licensing restrictions)
    2. Transmission medium (only one type)
    3. Topology (bus, ring, star)

    ❑ Data Rates (speed):


    • Early: 4 to 16 Mbps
    • Today: 100 to 1000 Mbps

    1.4
    Categories of Networks
    2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
    • Provides long-distance transmission of data over large geographic areas
    (country, continent, world)

    1.5
    Categories of Networks
    Wide Area Network (WAN) CONTD.
    Applications of WAN:
    1. Switched WAN
    Backbone of the Internet

    2. Dialup line point-to-point WAN


    Leased line from a telephone company

    Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN


    1.6
    Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
    • Two or more networks connected together

    Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
    1.7
    1-3 THE INTERNET

    The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


    lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
    way we spend our leisure time.
    •The Internet is a communication system that has
    brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and
    organized it for our use.
    •The Internet is a collaboration of more than hundreds of
    thousands of interconnected networks

    Topics discussed in this section:


    A Brief History
    The Internet Today (ISPs)
    1.8
    A Brief History of Internet
    • An internet (small “I”) is two or more networks
    • Notable internet is called the Internet (hundreds of thousands interconnected
    networks)
    • Private individuals + government agencies + school + research facilities +
    • Corporations + libraries in more than 100 countries
    • This communication system came in 1969
    • Mid-1960 (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency in (DOD) was interested
    to connect mainframes in research organizations
    • 1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET
    • Host computer connecting to (IMP) interface message processor.
    • Each IMP communicate with other IMP
    • 1969, four nodes (universities) connected via IMPs to form a network
    • Software (NCP) Network Control Protocol provided communication between the
    hosts.
    • 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol
    • Later TCP was split to (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol and (IP)
    Internetworking Protocol

    1.9
    The Internet Today (ISPs)
    Internet Today
    • Made of many LANs and WANs
    • Every day new networks area added and removed
    • Internet services Providers (ISPs) offer services to
    the end users
    1. International service providers Data
    2. National service providers rate
    3. Regional service providers
    4. Local service providers

    1.10
    Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the
    Internet

    1.11
    1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

    In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols


    and standards.

    •Protocol is synonymous with rule.


    •Standards are agreed-upon rules.

    Topics discussed in this section:

    Protocols
    Standards
    Standards Organizations
    Internet Standards
    1.12
    Protocols
    • A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications
    • Defines What, How, and When it is communicated

    Elements of a protocol:
    1. Syntax: structure or format of data
    Example: 8-bits address of sender, 8-bits address of receiver

    2. Semantics: meaning of each section of bits


    Example: Does the address is a route to be taken or the final
    destination of the message

    3. Timing: when data should be sent and how fast they can be
    sent.
    Example: sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver
    can process data at only 1 Mbps ⇒ overload and data loose

    1.13
    Standards
    Three key points
    • Essential in creating and maintaining an open and
    competitive market for equipment manufactures
    • Guaranteeing national and international interoperability
    of data and telecommunication technology and
    processes
    • Providing guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
    government agencies, and other service providers to
    ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today’s
    marketplace and in international communications
    Two categories of Standards:
    1. De facto: not approved by an organized body
    but adopted as standards through widespread use
    2. De jure: Legislated by an officially recognized body

    1.14
    Standards
    ▪ Standards are developed through the cooperation of:
    1. Standards Creation Committees
    ISO, ITU-T,IEEE, EIA, ANSI, CCITT
    2. Forums
    Created by special-interest groups
    Present their conclusions to the standards bodies
    3. Regulatory Agencies
    Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Technology (KSA)
    Purpose: Protecting the public by regulating radio, television, and
    communication
    ▪ Internet standards
    • Tested thoroughly tested specification that is useful to be adhered to by
    those who work with the Internet
    • Formalized regulation that must be followed
    • Specification become Internet standard?
    1. Begins as Internet draft for 6 months
    2. Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities draft published as Request for
    Comment (RFC)
    3. RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties

    1.15

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