Wabberi University

College
Introduction to Muda
Set by Abdirahman MLT , Rph, Wpr, Bsc N
What is muda ?
• Muda is a Japanese word which means
westfullness.
• West can occurs anywhere of the hospitals health
centers and etc
• Waste manegment –the management of health-
care waste must be available planning,
implementation, monitoring of activities Aimed to
prevent contact . Warrant the care customer and
professionals involved; prevent the accident of
ecological influences while reducing the production
of waste.
Waste manegment

Health care waste can be classified as high risk and low

risk wastes depend on the level of risk to the health
provider,patients and community.
High risk waste including
infectious blood,bodily fluids etc
Sharp wastes syringe,needles, surgical blades, I've set etc
• Chemical waste formaldehyde,gultraldehyde,solvents
etc
Low Risk wastes
Low Risk wastes including non infectious wastes included
pepers, containers, plastic, leaflet, food product etc .
-Steps of waste management
-Step1 segregation must be separated into two different
categories continated and non contaminated
-Step2 collection waste most be collect in a properly collect
-Step3 transportation is a movement of waste from one place to
another place off-site ( transport waste outside of the health
facility)
• -Step4 disposal disposal in to the containers.
Set by Abdirahman MLT, Rph, wPr, Bcs N
Cont...
There are four major types of medical wastes-
Infectious
Hazardous [hazard]
Radioactive
And sharps
2.2.1infectious medical wastes
Infection can be classified in to two
Community Aquired Infections
Nasacomial Infections ( HAI )
• An infection occurs when a microorganism — such as bacteria,
fungi, or a virus — enters a person’s body and causes harm. In
many cases, the immune system can stop these pathogens from
multiplying in the body. If not, serious damage can result.
Cont..
The microorganism uses that person’s body to
sustain itself, reproduce, and colonize. These
infectious microscopic organisms are known as
pathogens, and they can multiply quickly they can
spread in several different ways, including through:
•
• skin contact. the transfer of bodily fluids, contact
with feces, ingesting contaminated food or water,
inhaling airborne particles or droplets, touching an
object that a person carrying the pathogen has also
touched. Infection can spread in a variety of ways.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are different
types of pathogens. They vary in several ways,
including:
Size, shape, function, genetic content ,how they act on
the body
• For example, viruses are smaller than bacteria. They
enter a host and take over cells, whereas bacteria
can survive without a host. Treatment will depend on
the cause of the infection. This article will focus on
the most common and deadly types of infection:
bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasites.
Viral infections
• Viral infections occur due to infection with a virus.
Millions of different viruses may exist, but
researchers have only identified about 5,000 types
to date. Viruses contain a small piece of genetic
code, and a coat of protein and lipid (fat) molecules
protects them
1, Viral infections
• . A virus can also target certain age groups, such as
infants or young children. Viruses may remain
dormant for a period before multiplying again. The
person with the virus can appear to have fully
recovered, but they may get sick again when the
virus reactivates.
Cont...
Viral infections include:
HIV, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, hepatitis A ,polio,
influenza (flu), including flu, Ebola etc.
• Antiviral medications can help relieve the
symptoms of some viruses while the disease
passes.
Cont...
• They can either prevent the virus from reproducing
or boost the host’s immune system to counter the
effects of the virus. Antibiotics are not effective
against viruses. These drugs will not stop the virus,
and their use increases the risk of antibiotic
resistance. Most treatment aims to relieve
symptoms while the immune system combats the
virus without assistance from medication.
 Bacterial infections
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms, also
known as prokaryotes. Experts estimate that there
are at least 1 nonillion bacterium on Earth. A
nonillion is a 1 followed by 30 zeros. Much of the
Earth’s biomass comprises bacteria.
•
Cont..
• Bacteria can live in almost any type of environment,
from extreme heat to intense cold, and some can
even survive in radioactive waste. There are trillions
of strains of bacteria, and few cause diseases in
humans. Some of them live inside the human body,
such as in the gut or airways, without causing harm.
Cont..
Some “good” bacteria attack “bad” bacteria and
prevent them from causing sickness. However, some
bacterial diseases can be deadly. These include:
cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis. typhoid ,
bacterial meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia,
tuberculosis
• Upper respiratory tract infection (although this is
usually viral), gastritis, food poisoning, eye infect
Cont..
• sinusitis (again, more often viral), urinary tract
infections (UTIs), skin infections, sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) A doctor can treat
bacterial infections with antibiotics. However, some
strains become resistant and can survive the
treatment.

Set by Abdirahman MLT, Rph, wPr Bsc N

Fungal infections
• A fungus is often a multicellular parasite that can
decompose and absorb organic matter using an
enzyme. However, some types, such as yeasts, are
single celled. Fungi almost always reproduce by
spreading single celled spores.
Cont..
• The structure of a fungus is usually long and
cylindrical, with small filaments branching from the
main body. There are approximately 5.1
millionTrusted Source species of fungus. Many
fungal infections develop in the upper layers of the
skin, and some progress to the deeper layers.
Inhaled yeast or mold spores can sometimes lead
to fungal infections, such as pneumonia, or
infections throughout the body. These are also
known as systemic infections.
Cont..
Those with a higher risk of developing a fungal
infection include people who:
• use antibiotics for a long time, have a weakened
immune system, due, for example, to living with
HIV or diabetes or receiving chemotherapy
treatment, have undergone a transplant, as they
take medications to prevent their body from
rejecting the new organ
Examples of fungal infections
• valley fever, or histoplasmosis, candidiasism, some
eye infections, A rash may indicate a fungal
infection of the skin
Prevention
There is no single method for preventing all
infectious diseases. However, people should take
the following steps to reduce the risk of
transmission:
• Wash the hands often, especially before and after
preparing food and after using the bathroom.Clean
surface areas and avoid keeping perishable food at
room temperature for too long while preparing a
meal.Receive any recommended vaccinations and
keep them up to date.
• .Only take antibiotics with a prescription and be
sure to complete the recommended course, even if
symptoms improve at an earlier stage.Disinfect
rooms that may have high concentrations of
bacteria, such as the kitchen and bathroom.Reduce
the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by
receiving regular STI checks, using condoms, or
abstaining altogether.
Cont..
Avoid sharing personal items, such as toothbrushes,
combs, razor blades, drinking glasses, and kitchen
utensils.Follow a doctor’s advice about traveling or
working while living with an infectious disease, as
doing so could pass the infection to others.
• Following an active lifestyle and eating a
nutritionally balanced diet can help keep the
immune system strong and prime the body’s
defenses against different types of infection.
•THANK U FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION