Bending Moment
Bending Moment
Bending Moment
BENDING MOMENTS
AND SHEARING
FORCES IN BEAMS
3.1 BEAM
Fx = 0 i.e. P – V = 0 or V = P
M = 0 i.e. M – Px or M = Px
P
A m B
x n (a)
P
A
M
(b)
x B
V
M
(c)
Shear Force and Bending
Moment
Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of
the vertical forces acting to the left or
right of the cut section
FromFigure3.4a:
- qdx–dV = 0 and:
dV
q ………… (3.1)
dx
Thismeansthat therateof changeof shear forceat anypoint
ontheaxisof thebeamisequal tothenegativeof theintensityof
thedistributedloadat that samepoint.
(a) Distributed Loads
Contd.
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Distributed Loads Contd.
Taking Moments about the LHSof the element in Figure 3.4.a:
Neglecting products of differentials since they are small compared to other terms:
- Vdx + dM = 0 and:
dM
V ………………………….. (3.2)
dx
This equation means that the rate of change of the bending moment at any point on the
axis of a beamis equal to the shear force at that same point. For instance, if the shear
forceis zeroinaregionof thebeam, thenthebendingmoment isconstant inthat region.
Distributed Loads Contd.
- M - P(dx/2) - (V + V1) dx + M + M1 = 0
M1 = P(dx/2) + Vdx + V1 dx
Since dx is small, M1 is alsosmall andthis means that the
bendingmoment doesnot changeaswepassthrough
thepoint of applicationof aconcentratedload.
Example
WL/2
WL/2
L
Solution
dVx
w
dx
Vx = - w x + C1
dM x
Vx
dx
M x = - w /2 x 2 + C 1 x + C 2
B o u n d a r y C o n d it io n : A t x = 0 , M x = 0 - S im p ly s u p p o r t e d b e a m
i. e . C 2 = 0
i. e . M x = - w / 2 x 2 + C 1 x
B o u n d a r y C o n d it io n : A t x = L , M x = 0 - S im p ly s u p p o r t e d
i. e . 0 = - w / 2 L 2 + C 1 L a n d C 1 = w L /2
i. e . M x = w L / 2 x - w x 2 / 2
V x = - w x + w L /2
3.5 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAMS
2.5 kN x x
2.5 kN
2m
2m
Solution
(i) First determine the reactions at A and B. These are equal to 2.5 kN
each.
2.5 kN V M
The unknown forces V and M are assumed to act in the positive sense on the right hand
V = 2.5 kN (1)
(i) Now choose another section along BC after the 5 kN load (2 m < x < 4 m)
2m x
5 kN
V M
2.5 kN x-2 x
Simpler Method For Drawing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
(i) The Shear forces (V) can be determined by mental arithmetic using the
convention that the upward force at the LHS section is positive and downward
force is negative. Also downward force at the RHS of the beam is positive while
At A: V = 2.5 kN
At B: , V = 2.5 – 5 = - 2.5 kN
(ii) For bending moment (BM), remember that at the LHS of a beam, clockwise
At B: B.M = 2.5 x 2 = 5 kN m
` N o t e : T h e s lo p e o f t h e in c lin e d s t r a ig h t lin e r e p r e s e n t in g t h e
s h e a r f o r c e is – q w h ic h a g r e e s w it h e q u a t io n 3 . 1 . A ls o a t e a c h
c r o s s s e c t io n , t h e s lo p e o f t h e b e n d in g m o m e n t d ia g r a m is e q u a l t o t h e
s h e a r f o r c e a s s h o w n in e q u a t io n 3 . 2 , t h u s :
dM d q L x q x2 q L
( ) q x V
dx dx 2 2 2
T h e m a x im u m b e n d in g m o m e n t o c c u r s a t t h e m id p o in t o f t h e b e a m ;
t h e r e f o r e , w e s u b s t it u t e x = L / 2 in t o t h e e x p r e s s io n f o r M t o o b t a in :
M m a x = q L 2/8 a s s h o w n o n t h e d ia g r a m .
Diagrams
Example
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB
1.8 kN/m
A D B
RA 4 kN RB
1.6 m 1m 1.4 m
Solution
Find RA and RB
Fy = 0 i.e. RA + RB = (1.8 x 2.6) + 4
kN = 8.68 kN
MB = 0 i.e. - 4 RA + 2.4 x 4 + ( 1.8 x
2.6) x ( 4 - 1.3 ) = 0
4 RA = 9.6 + 12.63 = 22.23;
RA = 5.56 kN
RB = 8.68 - 5.56 = 3.12 kN
Solution Contd.
(i) Using the usual convention: At point A: V = 5.56 kN
= - 1.32 kN
= 6.59 kN m
A C E
5.56 kN 4 kN 3.12 kN
1.6 m 1m 1.4 m
5.56 kN
2.68 kN
0 Shear Force 0
- 1.32
- 3.12 kN
6.59 4.37
Bending Moment 0
0
3.1 BENDING STRESSES IN
BEAMS (FOR PURE BENDING)
M N
F ig u r e 3 . 5 a
b d
dx
L e t a b a n d c d b e t w o c r o s s s e c t io n s a t a d is t a n c e d x a p a r t ( F ig u r e 3 . 5 a ) .
L e t O b e t h e c e n t r e o f c u r v a t u r e a n d le t R b e t h e r a d iu s o f t h e n e u t r a l
s u rfa c e .
C o n s id e r a f ib r e ‘m n ’ a t a d is t a n c e ‘y ’ f r o m t h e n e u t r a l s u r f a c e .
C h a n g e in le n g t h o f m n = (R + y ) d - R d = y d
y d y
S tr a in ,
R d R
y
S tr e s s , E E ...........( A )
R
Theory of Simple Bending Contd.
E q u ilib r iu m E q u a tio n s
E
d F a c tin g o n d A dA y dA
R
F N o r m a l fo r c e
E
R z
A
y.dA 0 .....(1 )
( a s t h e r e is n o n o r m a l f o r c e a c t in g o n t h e c r o s s s e c t io n )
dF . dA
dM . y.dA
M z
A
. y.dA .....(2 )
z
A
.dA 0 z
A
. y.dA M
z
A
. d A 0 , m e a n in g th a t
E
R z
A
y dA 0
S in c e
E
R
cannot be zero: z
A
y dA 0
T h is in t e g r a l is c a lle d f ir s t m o m e n t o f a r e a o f t h e c r o s s s e c t io n . H e n c e , n e u t r a l a x is
c o in c id e s w it h t h e c e n t r o id a l a x is .
Theory of Simple Bending Contd.
S e c o n d C o n d it io n
zA
y dA
E
R z
A
y2 dA M
zA
y2 dA is c a lle d t h e s e c o n d m o m e n t o f a r e a o r t h e m o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f t h e c r o s s
s e c t io n a b o u t t h e n e u t r a l a x is i. e . I NA
zA
y dA
E
R z
A
y2 dA M
E
i. e . I M ........( B )
R
C o m b in in g e q u a t io n s A a n d B , w e g e t :
M E
T h is is t h e e le m e n t a r y b e n d in g f o r m u la
I y R
Simple Bending: Calculation of Stress
1 M
.......... ( D )
R E I
T h is m e a n s th a t ra d iu s o f c u rv a tu re ( ) is d ire c tly p ro p o rtio n a l to M a n d in v e rs e ly
p ro p o rtio n a l to E I. EI is c a lle d th e f le x u ra l rig id ity .
M
y : S tre s s e s a re n o rm a lly c a lc u la te d o n th e e x tre m e s i.e . c o m p re s s io n a n d
I
te n s ile m a x im u m s tre s s e s .
M M
i.e . m ax y m ax
I Z
I
W h e re : Z c a lle d ‘M o d u lu s o f th e S e c tio n ’ (S e c tio n M o d u lu s )
y m ax
Simple Bending: Compression and
Tension Zones
Compression
M M
max . h1
I Z1
M M
min . h2
Tension I Z2
Non-Uniform Bending
w N/m
w N/m
A
B
L
1m
120 mm
Solution
Solution
x
w N/m
At x = 0, Mx = 0
At x = L/2, Mx = - w/2 ( L/2)2 = - w L2/8
At x = L, Mx = - w L2/2 . The negative sign shows that the bending involves
hogging rather than sagging.
Solution Concluded
S o t h e m a x im u m b e n d in g m o m e n t ( M m a x ) is w L 2/2 ( N u m e r ic a l m a x im u m ) .
F o r L = 1 m , M m a x = w /2 N .m
M o m e n t o f in e r t ia o f a r e c t a n g u la r c r o s s s e c t io n ( I x) = b d 3/1 2
3 – 8 4
= 0 .1 2 m x 0 .0 1 = 1 x 1 0 m
1 2
M a x im u m s t r e s s , m a x = M m a x y m a x / Ix
F o r a r e c t a n g le y m a x = d /2 = 1 0 /2 = 5 m m ( d is t h ic k n e s s )
m a x is g iv e n a s 1 0 0 x 1 0 6
N /m 2
8
I 100 x 10 6
N /m 2 x 1 x 10 m 4
M m ax (N /m 2
) m ax
y m ax 0 .0 0 5 m
2
= 2 0 0 N /m = w /2
2
T h e re fo re t h e p e r m is s ib le d is t r ib u t e d lo a d , w = 4 0 0 N /m
N o t e : S in c e t h e m a x im u m b e n d in g m o m e n t is n e g a t iv e , t h e m a x im u m t e n s ile s t r e s s
o c c u rs a t th e to p o f t h e b e a m w h ile t h e m a x im u m c o m p r e s s iv e s t r e s s o c c u r s a t t h e
b o tto m .
Example
Example: A uniform T-section beam is 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep with a flange
thickness of 25 mm and a web thickness of 12 mm. If the limiting bending stresses for
the material of the beam are 80 MN/m2 in compression and 160 MN/m2 , find the
maximum uniformly distributed load (u.d.l) that the beam can carry over a simply
supported span of 5 m.
100 mm
25
40.6 mm
150 mm
109.4 mm 12
Reference
Solution
100 mm
25
40.6 mm
150 mm
109.4 mm 12
Reference
Solution: The second moment of area, I used in the simple bending theory is about the
neutral axis, thus in order to determine the I value of the T-section shown, it is necessary
first to determine the position of the centroid and hence the neutral axis.
A y = A1 y 1 + A 2 y2
Thus the N.A. is positioned, as shown, a distance of 109.4 mm above the base.
Solution Contd.
T h e s e c o n d m o m e n t o f a r e a , I c a n n o w b e f o u n d b y d iv id in g t h e s e c t io n
in t o c o n v e n ie n t r e c t a n g le s w it h t h e ir e d g e s in t h e n e u t r a l a x is .
= 1 9 5 3 1 2 5 + 3 2 9 9 4 1 5 + 1 3 0 2 0 8 .3 + 1 9 7 4 0 2 5
4 -6 4
= 7 3 5 6 7 7 3 .3 m m = 7 .3 6 x 1 0 m
M a x im u m c o m p r e s s iv e s t r e s s w ill o c c u r a t t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e , w h e r e y = 4 0 . 6 m m a n d
u s in g t h e lim it in g c o m p r e s s iv e s t r e s s v a lu e q u o t e d :
6
I 8 0 x 1 0 6 x 7 .3 6 x 1 0
M 1 4 .5 k N m
y 4 0 .6 x 1 0 3
Solution Concluded
T h is s u g g e s t s a m a x im u m a llo w a b le b e n d in g m o m e n t o f 1 4 . 5 k N m . It is
n o w n e c e s s a r y , h o w e v e r , t o c h e c k t h e t e n s ile s t r e s s c r it e r io n w h ic h m u s t a p p ly
o n t h e lo w e r s u r f a c e ,
6
I 1 6 0 x 1 0 6 x 7 .3 6 x 1 0
M 1 0 .7 6 k N m
y 1 0 9 .4 x 1 0 3
T h e g r e a t e s t m o m e n t t h a t c a n t h e r e f o r e b e a p p lie d t o r e t a in s t r e s s e s w it h in b o t h
c o n d it io n s q u o t e d is t h e r e f o r e M = 1 0 .7 6 k N m
B u t f o r a s im p ly s u p p o r t e d b e a m w it h u . d . l, M m a x = w L 2/8
2
W = 8 M /L = (8 x 1 0 .7 6 x 1 0 3) / 5 2
= 3 .4 k N /m
T h e u . d . l m u s t b e lim it e d t o 3 . 4 k N / m .
4.8. BENDING OF BEAMS OF TWO
MATERIALS
A composite beam is one which is constructed
from a combination of materials. Since the
bending theory only holds good when a
constant value of Young’s modulus applies
across a section, it cannot be used directly to
solve composite-beam problems when two
different materials, and therefore different
values of E, are present. The method of
solution in such as case is to replace one of
the materials by an equivalent section of the
other.
Bending of Beams of Two Materials steel
timber
N A Steel
reinforcement
steel
dy
N A
N.A.
d
z
A
dA 0
z
A
y dA M
E
R
y
d
Et/Es b
b
Equivalent steel section of the given composite beam
Beams of Two Materials
Concluded
t s
a
nd E
t
t s
E
t E
s E
s
E
/
sEt i
s c
alle
dmo
du
la
rr
atio
.
Example
Example: Calculate the moment of resistance of the cross section and maximum stress
in timber and steel. The allowable stress in steel is 150 N/mm 2
1 1 Steel
Timber
N A 8 cm
1 s steel
Es= 210,000 N/mm2
Et = 14,000 N/mm2
6
Solution
E q u iv a le n t S t e e l S e c t io n
d 8 cm b = (4 ,0 0 0 x 6 )/2 1 0 0 0 0
= 0 .4 c m
6 x 13 0 .4 x 8 3
I NA 2 ( 6 x 4 .5 2 ) = 2 6 1 .0 6 c m 4
12 12
2
A llo w a b le s t r e s s in s t e e l = 1 5 0 N / m m
I
M
y
2
M R = 1 5 0 N /m m x 2 6 1 .0 6 x 1 0 4 m m 3
5 x 10 m m
= 7 .8 3 x 1 0 6 N m m
Solution Concluded
S tre s s in s te e l = 1 5 0 N /m m 2
S tre s s in tim b e r:
t s Et
and t s
Et Es Es
= 1 5 0 x 1 4 ,0 0 0 /2 1 0 ,0 0 0 = 1 0 N /m m 2
4 5