Core 9
Core 9
Core 9
Gastrointestinal
tract is the part of
an organ system in
humans and other
animals that take
in food, digest it,
absorb nutrients
and expel it out in
the form of faeces.”
The alimentary canal/G.I.Tract is
consisting of Oral cavity, Pharynx,
Oesophagus, Stomach, Small
intestine[Duodenum, Jejunum, and
ileum] and Large intestine[Caecum,
Colon, and Rectum].The Associated
glands are Liver and Pancreas.
The mouth is also
called oral cavity. Food
begins its journey from
this region.
It posses the following
parts-
Palate, Teeth, tongue,
Salivary gland, etc.
Teeth
Enamel, Dentine
Cement, Pulp cavity
etc.
Monophyodont,
Diphyodont,
Polyphyodont.
Homodont,
Heterodont
Incisor, Canine
Premolar
Molar.
Each tooth is divided into 3
parts like Root, Neck and
crown.
Crown is the upper exposed
part of the tooth.
The inner cavity is the pulp
cavity containing Connective
tissue, Blood vessels and
nerve fibre. Pulp cavity is
lined by odontoblast cells.
That secretes dentine.
Enamel is the hardest part of
the body.
DENTAL FORMULA;-
The dental formula indicates that the
number, types and arrangement of teeth in an
organism
D.F.= No. of teeth on the half of upper jaw
No.of teeth on the half of lower jaw
The upper formula is multiplied by two is the
total number of teeth in an organism.
Tongue;
It is also called gustatory
organ. Anteriorly it is free
and posterior part is fixed.
It is composed of
connective tissue, striated
muscle, blood vessel and
some glands . The human
tongue contains fungiform
papillae, Circumvallate
papillae, and filiform
papillae.
Function:-Chewing food.
Swallowing food, Organ of
Taste, Help in ingestion,
Help in speech, universal
tooth brush.
Salivary gland:
Three pair of salivary
glands are present in
man.
Parotid Gland:- Near
the ear., Stenson’s
Duct.
Sub lingual Gland:-
Duct of Rivinus.
Submandibular
Gland:Submaxillary
gland.
Wharton’s Duct.
Composition of Saliva:-
Salivary gland secrete about 1500 ml of saliva per day
It is slightly Acidic , PH-6.7,
It is composed of ---99% of water, 0.5% solids
and other inorganic and organic salts etc.
It contains an enzyme Salivary amylase or
Ptyalin helps for digestion of starch.
Functions of saliva are as follows:
1. It retains and keeps your mouth, teeth and
gums, moist and hydrated.
2. It has proteins and minerals which keep
dental enamel healthy.
3. It prevents tooth decay and gum disease.
4. It helps to chew and makes food softer to
swallow.
5. It Prevents bad mouth odour.
6. It has enzymes with help break down food into
simpler substances.
7. It helps to maintain fluid balance.
8. Change the starch to maltose.
Transeverse section of
alimentary canal shows
that the GI tract is formed
of four general layers like
from exterior Serosa,
Muscle layer, Submucosa
and Mucosa.
In some parts of
alimentary canal there is a
layer of smooth muscle
fible in between the
submucosa and mucosa.
Oesophagus:-Narrow tube having uniform
diameter.
About 25 cms long
Longitudinal folding keeps its opening
closed except during swallowing.
Helps in peristalsis.
Stomach is the widest bag
or sac like structure.
Temporary storage of food.
Cardiac sphincter and
pyloric sphincter.
Stores food for some times
Mechanical churning of
food
Chemical modification
Helps in absorption of
sugar, alcohol, and water.