Prokaryotic Cell

PROKARYOTI
C CELL
HOW ARE
PROKARYOTES DIFFER
FROM EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTIC FORM AND FUNCTION
APPENDAGES
EXTERNAL • FLAGELLA
• PILI
• FIMBRIAE
GLYCOCALYX
• CAPSULE, SLIME
LAYER
OUTER AMEMBRANE
PROKARYOTIC CELL CELL ENVELOPE • CELL WALL
• CELL MEMBRANCE
• CYTOPLASM
• RIBOSOMES
• INCLUSIONS
• NUCLEIOD
• ACTIN CYTOSKELETON
INTERNAL
• ENDOSPORE
STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTION
OF
PROKARYOTIC
CELL
FIMBRIAE
CELL
MEMBRANE
RIBOSOME
S
CELL NUCLEIOD
WALL
J
INCLUSIO
N
PILUS G
FLAGELLU PLASMID
H
M
CYTOPLAS I
GLYCOCALY
M
X
CELLULAR ENVELOPE
Plasma Membrane
• Separates the cell from
its environment
• Phospholipid bilayer with

proteins embedded in two layers
of lipids (lipid bilayer).
FUNCTIONS
• Provides a site for functions such as
energy reactions, nutrient processing, and
synthesis
• Regulates transport (selectively
permeable membrane)
• Secretion
DIFFERENCES IN CELL ENVELOPE STRUCTURE
The differences between gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria lie in the cell envelope.
• Gram-positive
– Two layers
– Cell wall and
cytoplasmic membrane
• Gram-negative
– Three layers
– Outer membrane, cell
wall, and cytoplasmic
membrane
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
 Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of interlocking chains
of alternating monomers.
 Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes.
 Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of two

amino sugar derivatives of glucose. The “glycan” part of
peptidoglycan:
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)
 NAG / NAM strands are

connected by interlocking
peptide bridges.
The “peptid” part
of peptidoglycan.
Structure of the Cell Wall
• Provides shape and strong structural support.
• Most are rigid because of peptidoglycan content.
• Target of many antibiotics

- disrupt the cell wall, and cells have little protection from lysis.
• Gram-positive cell (2 layers)

– A thick (20 to 80 nm) petidoglycan cell wall and membrane.
• Gram-Negative Cell (3 layers)

– Outer membrane
– Single, thin (1 to 3 nm) sheet of peptidoglycan (Periplasmic
space surrounds the peptidoglycan)
– Cell membrane
External Structures
Appendages: Cell extensions
 Common but not present on all species
 Can provide motility (flagella and axial

filaments)
 Can be used for attachment and mating (pili and

fimbriae)
APPENDAGES
FLAGELLA
- long, thin extensions that allow some

bacteria to move about freely in aqueous
environments.
AXIAL FILAMENT
- Wind around bacteria,
causing movement in waves.
SURFACE APPENDAGES
FIMBRIAE
 Most Gram-negative bacteria have these short,
fine appendages surrounding the cell. Gram+
bacteria don’t have.
 No role in motility. Help bacteria adhere to solid
surfaces. Major factor in virulence. (singular:
fimbria)
PILI
 Tubes that are longer than fimbriae,
usually shorter than flagella.
 Use for movement, like grappling

hooks, and also use conjugation pili to
transfer plasmids. (singular = pilus)
GLYCOCALYX
- a coating of repeating polysaccharide, protein, or both.
• Protects the cell.
• Can help the cell adhere to the environment.
• SLIME LAYER- a loose shield that protects some bacteria
from loss of water and nutrients.
• CAPSULE- when the glycocalyx is bound more tightly to
the cell and is denser and thicker.
Some bacteria have an additional layer
outside of the cell wall called the glycocalyx.
This additional layer can come in
one of two forms:
1. SLIME LAYER
- Glycoproteins loosely associated with the cell
wall.
- Slime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid
surfaces and helps prevent the cell from drying
out.
- STREPTOCOCCUS
2. CAPSULE
The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus  Polysaccharides firmly attached to
mutans allows it to accumulate on tooth the cell wall.
enamel (yuck mouth and one of the causes of
cavities).  Capsules adhere to solid surfaces
and to nutrients in the environment.
Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in
the slime and form a biofilm & eventually a  Adhesive power of capsules is a
buildup of plaque. major factor in the initiation of some
bacterial diseases.
 Capsule also protect bacteria from
being phagocytized by cells of the
hosts immune system.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GLYCOCALYX
 Many pathogenic bacteria have glycocalyces.
 Protect the bacteria against phagocytes.
 Important in formation of biofilms.
 Streptococcus – form a biofilm & eventually a buildup of

plaque.
 The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus mutans allows it to

accumulate on tooth enamel (yuck mouth and one of the causes of
cavities).
 Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the slime.

INTRACELLULAR STRUCTURE
CYTOPLASM
PLASMID
NUCLEIOD
RIBOSOMES
internal Structures
CYTOPLASM
 Also known as proto-plasm.
 Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases and
contains cell structures.
 Location of growth, metabolism, and

replication.
GRANULES
 Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients.
 Staining of some granules aids in

identification.
CYTOSKELETON
 Cellular "scaffolding" or
"skeleton" within the
cytoplasm.
 Major advance in prokaryotic

cell biology in the last decade
has been discovery of the
prokaryotic cytoskeleton.
 Up until recently, thought to

be a feature only of
eukaryotic cells.
RIBOSOME
S
 Found within cytoplasm or
attached to plasma membrane.
 Made of protein & rRNA.
 Composed of two subunits.
 Cell may contain thousands .

BACTERIAL
CHROMOSOME
 Single circular strand of DNA
Aggregated in a dense area of the cell the
nucleoid.
PLASMI
D
 Nonessential, circles of DNA (5-100 genes)
 Present in cytoplasm but may become incorporated
into the chromosomal DNA.
 Often confer protective traits such as drug
resistance or the production of toxins and enzymes .
 Pass on in conjugation.
INCLUSIONS
Inclusions- also known as inclusion bodies
– Some bacteria lay down nutrients in these inclusions

during periods of nutrient abundance.
– Serve as a storehouse when nutrients become

depleted.
– Some enclose condensed, energy-rich organic

substances.
– Some aquatic bacterial inclusions include gas vesicles

to provide buoyancy and flotation.
ENDOSPORES
An Extremely Resistant Stage
 Dormant, tough, non-reproductive

structure produced by small number of
bacteria.
 Resistant to radiation, desiccation,

lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and
chemical disinfectants.
 Endospores are commonly found in soil

and water, where they may survive for very
long periods of time.
BACTERIAL
SHAPES,ARRANGEMENTS,
AND SHAPES
Most bacteria are classifies according to shape:
1. bacillus (pl. bacilli) = rod-shaped
2. coccus (pl. cocci … sounds like cox-eye) = spherical
3. spiral shaped
a. spirillum (pl. spirilla) = spiral with rigid cell wall, flagella
b. spirochete (pl. spirochetes) = spiral with flexible cell wall,
axial filament
There are many more shapes beyond these basic ones. A few examples:
Coccobacilli = elongated coccal form
Filamentous = bacilli that occur in long threads
Vibrios = short, slightly curved rods
Fusiform = bacilli with tapered ends
COCCI
Streptococci pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pediococcus

Sarcina ventriculi Staphylococcus aureus
BACILLI
Coxiella burnetii Streptobacillus moniliformis
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella bovis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae SPIRAL
Vibrio cholerae
Campylobacter jejuni
Treponema pallidum
REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION
- asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new
bodies.

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PROKARYOTI

• Phospholipid bilayer with

 Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes.

 Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of two

 NAG / NAM strands are

• Provides shape and strong structural support.

• Most are rigid because of peptidoglycan content.

• Target of many antibiotics

• Gram-positive cell (2 layers)

• Gram-Negative Cell (3 layers)

 Common but not present on all species

 Can provide motility (flagella and axial

 Can be used for attachment and mating (pili and

- long, thin extensions that allow some

 Use for movement, like grappling

 Protect the bacteria against phagocytes.

 Important in formation of biofilms.

 Streptococcus – form a biofilm & eventually a buildup of

 The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus mutans allows it to

 Other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the slime.

 Location of growth, metabolism, and

 Staining of some granules aids in

 Major advance in prokaryotic

 Up until recently, thought to

 Made of protein & rRNA.

 Composed of two subunits.

 Cell may contain thousands .

– Some bacteria lay down nutrients in these inclusions

– Serve as a storehouse when nutrients become

– Some enclose condensed, energy-rich organic

– Some aquatic bacterial inclusions include gas vesicles

 Dormant, tough, non-reproductive

 Resistant to radiation, desiccation,

 Endospores are commonly found in soil

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pediococcus

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