Lecture 1 CPPT

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
CARDIOVASCULAR AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Dr. Wajeeha Sahar

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
3 components:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
THE CONDUCTION
SYSTEM
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 3

Figure 18.14a
HEART EXCITATION
& ECG
ANATOMY OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATION
Respiration is the act of breathing:
Inhaling (inspiration) - taking in oxygen.

Exhaling (expiration) - giving off carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved
in breathing and consists of the:
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Nose
Nasal cavity
Ethmoidal air cells
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Larynx
Trachea
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Lungs
Bronchi
Alveoli
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
The lungs are separated from each other by the
mediastinum, an area that contains the following:
Heart and its large vessels
Trachea (windpipe)
Esophagus
Thymus
Lymph nodes
ANATOMY
The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has
two lobes. When we breathe, the air:
Enters the body through the nose or the mouth.
Travels down the throat through the larynx (voice box) and
trachea (windpipe).
Goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi.

ANATOMY
One main-stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to
the left lung.
In the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller

bronchi.
Bronchi then end into even smaller tubes called

bronchioles.
Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

RESPIRATION
 INSPIRATION
 Active process – by muscular action
Contraction of diaphragm
 Increase in vertical diameter
 Contraction of intercostals muscles

 Elevation of ribs and sternum
 Increase in antero-posterior and transverse diameter
 Expansion of lungs due to negative pressure

 Air drawn inwards
 EXPIRATION
 Passive process
 Elastic recoil of the lungs due to Relaxation of diaphragm and inter costal
muscle.
 Positive pressure created in lungs
 CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
 Control of Inspiration and Expiration by Medulla oblongata
LUNG VOLUMES
 The volume of air normally exhaled or inhaled with each breath during
quiet breathing is called TIDAL VOLUME (500ml).
 The additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond
the normal tidal inhalation is called INSPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME (3000ml).
 The additional volume of air that can be let out beyond the normal
tidal exhalation is called EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (1100).
 The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory
effort is called RESIDUAL VOLUME (1200ml).
LUNG CAPACITIES
 The INSPIRATORY CAPACITY is the maximum amount of air that can
be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation (TV + IRV) (3500ml).
 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY is the amount of air remaining

in the lungs at the end of normal tidal exhalation (ERV +RV) (2300ml).
 VITAL CPACITY is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled,

following a maximum inhalation (IRV+TV+ERV) (4600ml).
 TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY is the sum of all the pulmonary volumes

(5800ml).
Pulmonary Volumes:
Tidal volume 500ml
Inspiratory reserve volume 3000ml
Expiratory reserve volume 1100ml
Residual volume 1200ml
Pulmonary capacities:
• Inspiratory reserve capacity : 3500ml
• Vital capacity : 4600ml
• Functional residual capacity : 2300ml
• Total lung capacity : 6000ml
DEAD SPACES
Some of the air the person breathes never reaches the
gas exchange areas but simply fills respiratory passages
where gas exchange does not occur, such as the nose,
pharynx, and trachea.
This air is called dead space air because it is not useful
for gas exchange.
The normal dead space air in a young adult man is
about 150ml. This increases slightly with age.
VENTILATION
Exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air.
Tidal volume is 500ml.

Breathing frequency 15th breaths/ min.
Total ventilation 7500ml/min.
Anatomical dead space 150ml.
Total ventilation 5250ml/min.
LUNG COMPLIANCE
The extent to which the lungs will expand for each
unit increase in transpulmonary pressure is called
the lung compliance.
(transpulmonary pressure: difference between alveolar
pressure and pleural pressure)
Lung compliance: expandibility of lungs
Lung elastic recoil: tends to collapse
SURFACE TENSION
Surfactant is fluid present in alveoli excreted by
alveolar type 2 epithelial cells.
 It is a complex mixture of several phospholipids,
proteins and ions.
The most important components are phospholipid
dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, surfactant
apoproteins and calcium ions.
Increases lung compliance, prevents collapse of alveoli
and decreases the work of breathing.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Oxygen diffuses through the pulmonary alveolar
capillary membrane and is then carried to the tissues in
two forms:
1. Physically dissolve in plasma.
2. Chemically bound to hemoglobin.
CARBONDIOXIDE
TRANSPORT
Carbon dioxide diffuses through the tissue capillary
membrane and is often carried to the lungs in three
forms:
1. Physically dissolved.
2. Bound to proteins as carbamino compounds.
3. In bicarbonate form.
VENTILATION-
PERFUSION(V/Q)
To assess the efficiency and adequacy . Three criteria
must be satisfied
Alveoli must be ventilated(air that reaches the

alveoli).
Perfused(blood that reaches alveoli via capillaries).
Ventilation must match perfusion.
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND
CARDIAC

RESERVE
Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute.
CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke
volume (SV)
HR is the number of heart beats per minute.
SV is the amount of blood pumped out by a
ventricle with each beat.
Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and
maximal CO.
FRANK STARLING
LAW
The more cardiac muscle is stretched within
physiological limits, the more forcibly it will
contract.
Increasing volumes of blood in ventricles increase
the stretch & thus the force generated by
ventricular wall contraction.
Greater stretch means more blood volume is
pumped out, up to physical limits.

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ANATOMY AND

Dr. Wajeeha Sahar

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 3

Inhaling (inspiration) - taking in oxygen.

Enters the body through the nose or the mouth.

Goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi.

In the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller

Bronchi then end into even smaller tubes called

Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

 Contraction of intercostals muscles

 Increase in antero-posterior and transverse diameter

 Expansion of lungs due to negative pressure

 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY is the amount of air remaining

 VITAL CPACITY is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled,

 TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY is the sum of all the pulmonary volumes

Tidal volume is 500ml.

Alveoli must be ventilated(air that reaches the

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