SHADE MATCHING

Dr. MAMATA DUGARAJU

2ND YEAR PG
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS

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CONTENTS
⬢ INTRODUCTION
⬢ DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
⬢ MUNSELL COLOR SYSTEM
⬢ CIELAB COLOR SYSTEM
⬢ COLOR REPLICATION PROCESS
⬢ SHADE SELECTION SYSTEMS
⬢ COLOR DUPLICATION PROCESS
⬢ SUMMARY
⬢ REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
 Scientifically, light is described as visible electromagnetic
energy whose wavelength is measured in nanometers
 Eye is sensitive to wavelength from 400nm to 750nm
PERCEPTION OF COLOR:
 The incident light is usually polychromatic commonly
known as white light.
 This incident light is selectively absorbed or scattered at
several wavelengths and gets reflected
 This reflected color is received by the cone cells of the
eye and processed in the brain

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 DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
⬢ Color perception is described by three variables Hue, Value, Chroma.
⬢ HUE: Dominant color of object [ red green or blue]. This represents
dominant wavelength of the object
⬢ CHROMA: Chroma is the degree of saturation of a particular hue.
In other words, the higher the chroma, the more intense the color.
⬢ VALUE: Also known as gray scale[varying levels of grey from black to
white] and expressed in lightness factor [L]
⬢ Higher value = lighter shades
⬢ Lower value = darker shades
MUNSELL
⬢ Value indicates lightness or darkness of a color
COLOR CODING
SYSTEM
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 CIELAB COLOR SYSTEM
⬢ The CIELAB (Commission Internationale de
l’Éclairage L*a*b*)color system is used almost
exclusively for color research in dentistry around the
world.
⬢ It was introduced in 1976 and recommended by the
International Commission on Illumination
⬢ This means that it is possible to define the magnitude
of perceptible or acceptable color difference between,
for example, a porcelain crown and the adjacent
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 L* is a lightness variable proportional to Value in the Munsell system. It
describes the achromatic character of the color.
 The a* and b* coordinates describe the chromatic characteristics of the
color.
 The a* coordinate corresponds to the red purple/blue-green axis in the
color space. A positive a* relates to a predominantly red-purple color,
whereas a negative a* denotes a color that is more blue-green.

 Similarly, the b* coordinate corresponds to the yellow/purple-blue axis.

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 • Hue and Chroma are described
separately
MUNSELL
• Hue in polar and chroma in
cartesian (linear) coordinate

• Hue and chroma are described

CIELAB as single coordinate
• Both are cartesian coordinates
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COLOR REPLICATION
PROCESS
The process in which the color of adjacent teeth is replicated in a metal-ceramic or
all-ceramic crown is termed the color replication process

SHADE MATCHING

SHADE DUPLICATION

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SHADE MATCHING PHASE
⬢ This phase occurs in the dentist’s office, in which the information on the color
and translucency of the adjacent teeth to be matched is recorded through either
visual shade matching or instrumental color analysis.

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VISUAL SHADE MATCHING
By understanding the two main factors that influence the outcome of visual shade matchin

dentist can improve the accuracy and reliability of this process .

Subjectivity of
Lighting
human vision

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LIGHTING
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⬢ Although daylight was initially thought to be the ideal light source for color matching, its use
not recommended, in view of inconstant color characteristics.
⬢ The color of daylight can vary from red-orange at sunset to blue when the sky is clear.
⬢ The relative intensity of daylight also fluctuates with cloud cover.

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WHITE LIGHT
⬢ Pure white light consists of relatively equal quantities of electromagnetic energy
over the visible range. When white light is passed through a prism , it is split
into its component colors because the longer wavelengths are bent (refracted)
less than the shorter ones

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 QUALITY OF LIGHT
COLOR TEMPERATURE
 Color temperature is related to the color of a standard black body when
heated and is reported in degrees Kelvin
 A light source with a color temperature close to 5500° K (D55) that is
spectrally balanced throughout the visible spectrum is ideal for color
matching.
 This value is near to white light

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⬢ Accordingly, 1000°K is red; 2000°K is yellow; 5555°K is white; 8000°K is pale
blue.

⬢ An ordinary incandescent light bulb emits relatively higher concentrations of

yellow light waves than of blue and blue-green light waves, whereas fluorescent
ceiling fixtures give off relatively high concentrations of blue waves

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 QUANTITY OF LIGHT -INTENSITY

⬢ Appropriate intensity of the ambient lighting in the dental operatory provides

the dentist with visual comfort
⬢ Intensity of light is measured in lumens per foot square or foot candles
⬢ The light intensity be between 2000 and 3200 lux for the dental operatory and
28 lux for the dental laboratory.

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AUXILIARY LIGHT SOURCE
⬢ If ambient lighting in the dental operatory is not ideal in terms of quality and quantity
for visual shade matching, the use of auxiliary lighting is recommended. The auxiliary
light source for shade matching should be intense enough to overcome the influence o
the ambient light.

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 SHADE MATCHING
ENVIRONMENT
 The colors of the dental operatory, the clothing of the dentist and dental
assistants, the patient’s clothing, and the dental drape may influence the
perceived color of the patient’s teeth and shade guide.
 To maintain the necessary lighting quality for shade matching, the chroma of the
environment should be carefully controlled.
 It is recommended that the walls, staff clothing, patient drape, and shade-
matching environment have a Chroma of four Munsell units or less, which are the
pastel or the ideal neutral gray tones

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⬢ The ceiling - Munsell Value of 9.
⬢ All other major reflectors (e.g., walls, cabinets) should present at least a
Munsell Value of 7 and a Munsell Chroma of no more than 4.
⬢ Countertops not within the working area can have a Munsell Chroma of up to 6
but a Munsell Value retained at 7 or greater.

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 It is important not to view shade comparision for 5 secondsand not more than 7
seconds to avoid eye fatigue
 The clinician should be at minimum distance of 25cm 1O inches from patient for
shade selection
 During shade selection; tabs should be placed above or below the teeth but not
adjacent to the teeth
 Always remove bright color from working area. If patient is wearing bright colors ,
it should be covered with neutral color like grey

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Visual perception of Light

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THE EYE

RODS CONES
SCOTOPIC VISION PHOTOPIC VISION
COLOR ADAPTATION
⬢ Color vision decreases rapidly as aperson stares at an object
⬢ The original color becomes less saturated until it appears gray.

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DECEPTIVE COLOR
PERCEPTION

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 METAMERISM
 Phenomenon in which the color of an object under
one type of light appears to change when illuminated
by different light source.

 Because the spectral distribution of the light

reflected from or transmitted through an object is
dependent on the spectral content of the incident
light, the appearance of an object is dependent on the
nature of the light in which the object is viewed.

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 FLOURESCENCE
 It is the absorption of light by a material and the spontaneous
emission of light in a longer wavelength
 Fluorescent materials, such as tooth enamel, re-emit radiant
energy at a frequency lower than that absorbed.
 For example, ultraviolet radiation is re-emitted as visible
light.
 In theory, a mismatch can occur if the dental restoration has
different fluorescence than the natural tooth. In practice,
fluorescence does not play a significant role in color
matching dental restorations.
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⬢ The color of an object is also modified by the translucency or
opacity of the object.
⬢ Opacity is a property of materials that prevents the passage of
light.
⬢ Translucency is a property of substances that permits the
passage of light but disperses the light.
⬢ Opalascence: Natural teeth, particularly at their incisal
edges, exhibit a light-scattering effect that creates the
appearance of bluish-white colors as the teeth are seen at
different angles. This is similar to the bluish-white background
seen in opal gemstones (hence the term opalescence ).
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COLOR BLINDNESS
⬢ Achromatism - complete lack of hue sensitivity
⬢ Dichromatism - sensitivity to only two primary hues; usually either red or
green is not perceived.
⬢ Anomalous trichromatism - sensitivity to all three hues with deficiency or
abnormality of one of the three primary pigments in the retinal cones

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DESENSITISATION OF EYE

⬢ The dentist should rest his or her eyes between viewings by focusing on a
neutral gray surface immediately before a matching; this balances all the
color sensors of the retina.

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SHADE SELECTION
SYSTEMS

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SHADE TAB
SEQUENCE IN SHADE SELECTION
⬢ VITA 3D MASTER
⬢ VITA CLASSIC

HUE CHROMA VALUE VALUE CHROMA HUE

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VITA CLASSIC
⬢ Choosing the nearest hue first and then selecting the appropriate match of chroma and
value from the tabs available is the recommended technique
⬢ Finally, value is determined with a second commercial guide whose samples are
arranged in order of increasing lightness
⬢ An observer is able to assess the value most effectively by observing from a distance,
standing slightly away from the chair, and squinting the eyes. By squinting, the
observer can reduce the amount of light that reaches the retina
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VITA Toothguide 3D-MASTER® (VITA North
America)
⬢ The shade guide is arranged in five
lightness levels (plus an additional
level for bleached teeth)
⬢ Each lightness level has sufficient
variations in chroma and hue to cover
the natural tooth color space

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⬢ Lightness is selected first, then chroma or saturation , and finally hue.
⬢ The color communication form allows convenient laboratory shade prescription and
intermediate shades if necessary.

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DENTIN SHADE MATCHING
⬢ When a translucent all-ceramic system
for a crown or veneer is used ,
communicating the shade of the prepared
dentin to the dental laboratory is helpful
⬢ One system (IPS Empress [Ivoclar
Vivadent]) provides specially colored die
materials that match the dentin shade
guide and enable the technician to judge
restoration esthetics

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SHADE DISTRIBUTION
CHART

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Custom shade guide

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INSTRUMENTAL COLOR
ANALYSIS

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Color-Measuring Instruments
⬢ Spectrophotometers
⬢ Spectroradiometers
⬢ Colorimeter
⬢ Vita easy shade
⬢ spectrophotometers and spectroradiometers measure light reflectance at
wavelength intervals over the visible spectrum.
⬢ Spectrophotometers differ from spectroradiometers primarily in that they
have a stable light source and usually have an aperture between the detector
and sample.

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⬢ Colorimeters provide direct color coordinate specifications without mathematical
manipulation. This is accomplished by sampling of light reflected from an object
through three color filters that simulate the response of the color receptors in the
eye

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Vita Easy shade

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Shade duplication phase

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⬢ Errors associated with the duplication of the selected shade with dental
porcelain are well documented.
⬢ These errors are related to the underlying metal used, the batch of porcelain
powder, the brand of porcelain, and the number of times that glazing was
performed.
⬢ surface corrections of these errors include surface characterization, use he
custom shade guide should be from the same metal and porcelain type that will
be used when the metal-ceramic crown is fabricated.
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
⬢ Use fabricated custom shade tabs with ceramic materials that you commonly
use for fixed restorations.
⬢ If you are using instrumental color analysis, verify the selected shade
visually at that appointment.
⬢ Duplicate the polychromatic nature, translucency, and individual
characteristics of the adjacent teeth.
⬢ Mix porcelain to obtain in-between shades; this can be used to refine the
shade duplication

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