American Period

the literary production was inspired by

two developments in education and
culture:
• the introduction of free
instruction for all
• the use childrenas
of English of
school age,
mediumandof instruction in
all levels of education in
public schools.
Period of Apprenticeship, (1910-1930)
• Imitation
• all forms of literature like news,
reporting, poetry, stories, plays,
essays, and novels.
• writings clearly depicted
their love of country and
their longings for
independence.
The Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
• was highly influenced by Western
literary trends like Romanticism and
Realism.
• short stories were the most
prevalent literary form
• Jose Garcia Villa earned
the international title
“Poet of the
Century”.
SHORT STORIES
• Dead Stars was the first short story
written in English by Paz Marquez
Benitez.
• The Small Key was written by
Paz Latorena.
• Footnote to Youth
was written by Jose
Garcia Villa
novels

• Child of Sorrow was the first

novel in English by Zoilo Galang.
newspapers
EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day)
• Established by Sergio Osmena in 1900.
The Americans censored, twice
banned and threatened Osmena
with banishment because of
his nationalistic writings.
newspapers
EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the
Nation)
• Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900.

EL RENACIMIENTO (The
Rebirth)
• Founded by Rafael Palma
in 1901.
 plays
Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday,
Today and Tomorrow)
• written by Aurelio Tolentino. It depicts
the suppression done by the
Americans and their plan to
colonize the Philippines.
plays
Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
Malaya by Tomas Remigio
Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
 OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
• Philippine Normal College in 1901 (now
Philippine Normal University)
• Silliman University in Dumaguete City
as the first American private
school
• Central Philippine University
as the second American
private school.
 OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
• Negros Oriental High School in 1902
• St. Paul University Dumaguete City in
1904
• Cebu Normal School in 1915
• Filamer Christian University 1904
• Iloilo Normal School in 1902
• Zamboanga Normal
School in 1904
OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS

• University of Manila in 1914

• Philippine Women’s University in 1919
• Far Eastern University in 1933
• University of the Philippines in
1908
• National University in 1901
Literature in Spanish period
• Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to
Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes.
• Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared with
Apostol the title in the Balagtasan during
their time. He also dedicated a poem to
Rizal, but he compiled the
best of his poems in a book called
Crisalidas, which means, a
black, wooly caterpillar.
Literature in Spanish period
• Jesus Balmori is famous of his pen name
Batikuling. In a debate on the topic
Remembrance and forgetfulness, he was
declared Poet Laureate besting Manuel
Bernabe. He defended the issue on
Remembrance.
 Literature in Spanish period
• Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and he
exemplified his nationalistic spirit. In his debate
with Balmori, he got more applause than his
opponent because of his choice of words. He
defended the issue on Forgetfulness.
• Claro M. Recto is also famous for his
nobility of speech and theme. He
compiled his poems in a book
entitled Bajo Los Cocoteros
(Under the Coconut
Trees).
 Tagalog literature
• Tagalog Short Stories
1. Mga kwentong Ginto (Golden
Stories) was published in 1936.
2. Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang
Kwentista was published in 1939.
 Tagalog literature
• Tagalog Poetry
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)

Inigo Ed. Regalado

Carlos Gatmaitan
Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
Ildefonso S
 Tagalog literature
• Tagalog Poetry
2. Poet of the Laborers (Makata ng
Manggagawa)
Amado V. Hernandez-He pictures in
his poems the intense love of the
poor workers or laborers.
 Ilocano literature
• Pedro Bukaneg- Father of Ilocano
literature.
• Claro Caluya- Prince of Ilocano poets;
Known as poet and novelist.
• Leon Pichay- Known as the
best Bukanegero. He is also
known as poet, novelist,
short story writer,
dramatist and
 Kapampangan literature
• Juan Crisostomo Soto- Father of
Kapampangan literature. in Tagalog is
taken from his name.
• Aurelio Tolentino- Translated
Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas into
Kapampangan Napon,
Ngeni at Bukas. Visayan
 VISAYAN literature
• Eriberto Gumban- Father of Visayan
Literaure. He wrote a Zarzuela, Moro-
Moro and a play in Visayan language.
• Magdalen Jalandoni- wrote the
novel Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak
THANK YOU!
Japanese Period
 Japanese Period
• Japanese stopped the use of the
English Language in almost all
newspapers except for the Tribune
and the Philippine Review, Pillars,
Free Philippines and Filipina.

• There was no freedom of speech

and of the press.
 Japanese Period
• The common theme of most poems
during the Japanese occupation was
nationalism, love and life in the barrios,
faith, religion and the arts.

• The only contact with the outside world

was done with utmost secrecy through
the underground radio program called
“Voice of Freedom”.
 Japanese Period
• The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed
under strict surveillance until it was
managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara.

• During this period, Tagalog was favored by

the Japanese military authority, and
eventually influenced and encouraged the
Filipinos to develop the vernacular
literature.
 Japanese Period
• Filipino writers who were able to write freely
were those residing in the United States.
Most writers and authors were forced to go
underground or write in Tagalog.

• Movie houses showing American Films were

closed. Stage plays translated from English
to Tagalog were shown in big movie houses.
 Japanese Period
• Translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo,
Alberto Concio and Narciso Pimentel. They
also founded the organization of Filipino
Playwrights:
Jose Ma Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA
Francisco Soc Rodrigo - wrote sa PULA sa PUTI
Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA
Julian Cruz Balmaceda- wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL
SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG
PATAY
 Japanese Period
• The usual and common form of poetry
that emerged during the Japanese
period is the HAIKU.
 Japanese Period
• TANAGA is similar to Haiku. It is also
short with measurement consisting of
four lines with each line equally having
between seven to nine syllables.
 Japanese Period
• Many wrote short stories during this
period. Among them were: Brigido
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin
Guinigundo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso
Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim,
Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
 Japanese Period
• The following short stories got the first
three prizes:
First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his
LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW
ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSOD,
NAYON AT DAGAT-
DAGATAN.
 Japanese Period
• Carlos P. Romulo was an
outstanding writer of the period. He
won the Pulitzer Prize for his
bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES
RISE, MOTHER AMERICA and MY
BROTHER AMERICANS.
 Japanese Period
• Journalists include Salvador P.
Lopez, Leon Ma Guerrero, Raul
Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan.
Nick Joaquin produced the THE
WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE
LAZARUZ.
 Japanese Period
• Salvador P. Lopez wrote an essay entitled
LITERATURE AND SOCIETY; Juan Laya wrote
his novel entitled NATIVE SOIL, President
Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography THE
GOOD FIGHT which was published
posthumously. Other writers of this period
were Juan Collas, Tomas Confessor, Roman
A. dela Cruz and Elisa Tabunar.
 Japanese Period
• Playing and listening to music were
among the leisure activities that made
life bearable during the Japanese rule.

• Western music identified with the allied

nations of the war was prohibited. The
Japanese held conferences on Oriental
music in Manila to divert the loyalty of
the Filipinos from the Americans.
 Japanese Period
• Music remained a popular pastime in
Filipino homes. Families sang and
played musical instruments to entertain
themselves. Concerts were common
form of amusement for Filipinos and
the Metropolitan Theater became an
important venue for cultural events.
 Japanese Period
• Opera and classical music flourished
during the war. The first all-Filipino
orchestra, the New Philippine
Symphony, was organized.

• The Philippine Conservatory of Music

was one of the few music schools in the
country that opened during the
Japanese war.
 Palanca Awardees
Literature:
• Jose Garcia Villa
• Bienvenido Santos
• Nick Joaquin
• Gregorio Brillantes
• NVM Gonzales
• Gilda Cordero Fernando
 National Artist
Literature:
• Jose Garcia Villa
• Nick Joaquin
 After War
Philippine Literature in Tagalog
was revived during this period.
Most themes in their writings dealt
with Japanese brutalities, of the
poverty of life under the Japanese
government and the brave guerilla
exploit.
THANK YOU!