Normal

Z - Score
 Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. Convert a normal random variable to a standard
normal random variable
2. Compute probabilities and percentiles using the
standard normal curve
3. Solve standard normal random variable problems.
 Z - Score
• A z – score measures the distance between an observation and the mean
measured in units of standard deviation.
Formula:
Where: z – standard normal score or z – score
x – any data value in a normal distribution
– mean
– standard deviation

*if the z score is positive, the positive score is above the mean. If the z score is
0, the score is the same as the mean. If the z score is negative, the score is
below the mean.
 Example 1: Determine the z value for each of
the following values for a normal distribution
with = 16 and = 3.
a.) x = 12 b.) x = 8 c.) x = 22 d.) x = 25
𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁
𝒁 𝒙= 𝒁 𝒙= 𝒁 𝒙= 𝒁 𝒙=
𝝈 𝝈 𝝈 𝝈
12 − 16 8 − 16 22 − 16 25 − 16
Z x= Z x= Z x= Z x=
3 3 3 3
𝐙 𝐱 =−𝟏 . 𝟑𝟑𝐙 𝐱 =−𝟐 . 𝟔𝟕𝐙 𝐱 =𝟐𝐙 𝐱 =𝟑
Example 2: Given the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 4 of a
population of reading scores. Find the z – value that corresponds to a
score x = 58.

Given: = 50, = 4, x = 58

𝒁 𝒙 =𝟐
Example 3: Locate the z- value that corresponds to PE scores
of 39 given that mean is 45 and standard deviation is 6.

Given: = 45, = 6, x = 39

𝒁 𝒙 =− 𝟏
 Example 4: A consumer group tested a sample of 100 light
bulbs. If found that the mean life expectancy of the bulbs
was 842h, with a standard deviation of 90. One particular
light bulb from the Bright Company had a z – score of 1.2.
What was the life span on this bulb.
Given: = 842, = 90, z = 1.2

𝒁 𝒙=
𝒙−𝝁
𝝈 𝐱 =𝐳 𝝈 +𝝁
x

x = 950
 Example 5: The scores of a group of students in a
standardized test are normally distributed with mean of
60 and standard deviation of 8. Answer the following:
a.) How many percent of the students got below 72?

𝑷 ( 𝒛<𝟏.𝟓 ) =𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟐

𝒁 𝒙 =𝟏 . 𝟓
Example 6: The scores of a group of students in a
standardized test are normally distributed with mean
of 60 and standard deviation of 8.
Answer the following:
b.) What part of the group scored between 58 and 76?
58 − 60
𝒁 =− 𝟎 .𝟐𝟓
0.0987
𝑍 𝑥= 𝒙
8
76 − 60
𝒁 𝒙 =𝟐0.4772
𝑍 𝑥=
8
𝑃 ( −0.25< 𝑧 <1.5 )=0.5 7 59
Case 1: “greater than z”, “at least z”, “more than z”,
“to the right of z”, “above z’
Case 2: “less than z”, “at most z”, “no more than z”,
“to the left of z”, “below z’

Case 3: “between and ”, “between - and - ”

Case 4: “between and -”, “between - and ”

Example for Case 1: Find the probability of the area
above z = -1. z = -1 corresponds to 0.3413

P(z > -1) = 0.3413 + 0.5

P(z > -1) = 0.8413 The probability of the area is 84.13%.

Example for Case 1: Find the probability of the area

greater than z =1. z = 1 corresponds to 0.3413

P(z > -1) = 0.5 – 0.3413

P(z > -1) = 0.1587 The probability of the area is 15.87%.

Example for Case 2: Find the probability of the area to
the left z = -1.5. z = -1.5 corresponds to 0.4332

P(z < -1.5) = 0.5 – 0.4332

P(z < -1.5) = 0.0668 The probability of the area is 6.68%.

Example for Case 2: Find the probability of the area

below z =1.5 z = 1.5 corresponds to 0.4332

P(z < -1.5) = 0.4332 + 0.5

P(z < -1.5) = 0.9332 The probability of the area is 93.32%.

 Example for Case 3: Find the probability between z = -2
and z = -1.5 z = - 2 corresponds to 0.4772
P(-2 < z < -1.5) = 0.4772 – 0.4332
z = - 1.5 corresponds to 0.4332

P(-2 < z < -1.5) = 0.0440 The probability of the area is 4.40%.

Example for Case 3: Find the probability between z =

0.98 and z = 2.58 z = 0.98 corresponds to 0.3365
z = 2.58 corresponds to 0.4951
P(2.58 < z < - 0.98) = 0.4951 – 0.3365

P(2.58 < z < - 0.98) = 0.1586 The probability of the area is 15.86%.
 Example for Case 4: Find the probability between z = -
1.32 and z = 2.37 z = -1.32 corresponds to 0.4066
z = 2.37 corresponds to 0.4911
P(-1.32 < z < 2.37) = 0.4066 + 0.4911

P(-1.32 < z < 2.37) = 0.8977 The probability of the area is 89.77%.

Example for Case 4: Find the probability between z =

0.92 and z = -1.75
z = 0.92 corresponds to 0.3212
P(0.92 < z < -1.75) = 0.3212 + 0.4599 z = -1.75 corresponds to 0.4599

P(0.92 < z < -1.75) = 0.7811 The probability of the area is 78.11%
SAMPLING
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. Illustrate random sampling
2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics
3. Find the mean and variance of sampling distribution of
the sample mean.
POPULATION - The set of all possible values of a variable.

SAMPLE – It consists of one or more data drawn from the population.

RANDOM SAMPLING – It is a sampling method of
choosing representatives from the population wherein every
sample has an equal chance of being selected. Accurate data
can be collected using random sampling techniques.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING – The sampling techniques

that involve random selection.

NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING – The sampling techniques that

do not involve random selection of data.
METHODS OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
3. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• It is the most basic random sampling wherein each element
in the population has an equal probability of being selected.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
• This can be done by listing all the element in the population and selecting every ()
element in your population list. This is equally precise as the simple random sampling.
It is often used on long population lists. To Determine the interval to be used in
identifying the samples to who will participate in the study, use the formula:
K
 STATRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• It is a random sampling
wherein the population is
divided into different strata
or divisions. The number
of samples will be
proportionately picked in
each stratum that is why all
strata are represented in the
samples.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
• It is a random sampling
wherein population is
divided into clusters or
groups and then the
clusters are randomly
selected. All the elements
of the clusters randomly
selected are considered
the samples of the study.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NON –
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Snowball Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Volunteer Sampling
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• It is wherein the researcher gathers data from nearby sources of information
exerting minimal effort. Convenience is being used by persons giving
questionnaires on the streets to ask the passers – by.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• Also called chain – referral sampling, it is defined as a non – probability
sampling technique in which the samples have traits that are rare to find.
This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects provide referrals
to recruit samples required for a research study.
QUOTA SAMPLING
• It is where sample units are picked for convenience but certain quotas are
given to interviewers. This design is specially used in market research.
Researchers choose these individuals according to specific traits or qualities.
VOLUNTEER SAMPLING
• It is where sample units are volunteers in studies wherein the measuring
process is painful or troublesome to a respondent.
 PARAMETER
The measurement or quantity that describes the population.

STATISTIC
The measurement or quantity that describes the sample.
 Name Population Sample Statistics
Parameter
SIZE N n
MEAN
VARIANCE
STANDARD
DEVIATION
For parameter:
Example: Below are scores in General Mathematics of Grade 11
STEM Knowledge during the summative test. Compute the
population mean, population variance and population
standard deviation.

54 35 38 29 28
25 39 41 34 27
Compute the population mean:
Where :
= the population mean
the summation of X
N = number of elements in the population
54 35 38 29 28
25 39 41 34 27

𝚺𝒙54+ 25+35 +39+38 +41+ 29+34 +28+ 27

𝜇= ¿
𝑁 10
𝚺𝒙350
𝜇=
𝑁
¿
10 ¿ 𝟑𝟓
 Compute the population variance and standard deviation:

√
2 Where : 𝚺 ( 𝑋 −𝜇¿¿2)
2 𝚺 ( 𝑋 −𝜇) ❑
𝜎 = = the population mean 𝜎 = ¿
𝑁 X the given data
𝑁
N = number of elements in the population

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 (54 − 35) +(25 − 35) +(35 − 35) +( 39− 35) +( 38 − 35) … …+(27 − 35)
𝜎 =
10

672 2
𝜎
2
=
10
𝜎 =67.2

𝟐
𝜎 ❑
= √ 67.2
𝝈 = 𝟔𝟕 .𝟐
❑
𝝈 =𝟖 . 𝟐𝟎
 For Statistics:
Example: From the previous data of the population, suppose
that we randomly select only 5 data out of the total 10 data in
the population. Compute the sample mean, sample variance
and sample standard deviation.

54 35 38 29 28
25 39 41 34 27
Compute the sample mean:
Where :
= the sample mean
the summation of X
n = number of elements in the population

54 39 41 29 27

𝚺𝒙54+ 39+ 41+ 29+27

𝒙= ¿
𝑛 5
𝚺𝒙190
𝒙=
𝑛
¿
5 ¿ 𝟑𝟖
 Compute the sample variance and standard deviation:

√
𝚺 ( 𝑥 − 𝒙 )2 Where : 𝚺 (𝑥− 𝒙 ¿¿2)
2 ❑
𝑠 = = the population mean 𝑠 = ¿
𝑛 −1 x the given data
𝑛− 1
n = number of elements in the population

2 2 2 2 2
2 (54 − 38 ) +(39 − 3 8 ) +( 41 − 3 8 ) +(29 − 3 8 ) +( 27 − 3 8)
𝑠 =
4
2 468 2
𝑠 = 𝑠 =117
4

𝟐
𝒔 =𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝑠 ❑
= √ 117
❑
𝒔 =𝟏𝟎 . 𝟖𝟐