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    Fields of Genetics

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    Roliane Ruga
    The document discusses several organisms used for genetic studies, including their characteristics and suitability. Viruses are easily grown and have simple genetics but results may not extend to other organisms. E. coli and yeast are also easily grown with short generation times and well defined genetics, though they differ from higher organisms. Mouse, Drosophila, maize, Arabidopsis and tomato are commonly used model organisms as they have short lifecycles, defined genetics, and similarities to humans in the case of mouse. Tobacco is also useful for studying plant genetics at the whole organism level.

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    Fields of Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Roliane Ruga
    15 views17 pages
    The document discusses several organisms used for genetic studies, including their characteristics and suitability. Viruses are easily grown and have simple genetics but results may not extend to other organisms. E. coli and yeast are also easily grown with short generation times and well defined genetics, though they differ from higher organisms. Mouse, Drosophila, maize, Arabidopsis and tomato are commonly used model organisms as they have short lifecycles, defined genetics, and similarities to humans in the case of mouse. Tobacco is also useful for studying plant genetics at the whole organism level.

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    The document discusses several organisms used for genetic studies, including their characteristics and suitability. Viruses are easily grown and have simple genetics but results may not extend to other organisms. E. coli and yeast are also easily grown with short generation times and well defined genetics, though they differ from higher organisms. Mouse, Drosophila, maize, Arabidopsis and tomato are commonly used model organisms as they have short lifecycles, defined genetics, and similarities to humans in the case of mouse. Tobacco is also useful for studying plant genetics at the whole organism level.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views17 pages

    Fields of Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Roliane Ruga
    The document discusses several organisms used for genetic studies, including their characteristics and suitability. Viruses are easily grown and have simple genetics but results may not extend to other organisms. E. coli and yeast are also easily grown with short generation times and well defined genetics, though they differ from higher organisms. Mouse, Drosophila, maize, Arabidopsis and tomato are commonly used model organisms as they have short lifecycles, defined genetics, and similarities to humans in the case of mouse. Tobacco is also useful for studying plant genetics at the whole organism level.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    The Fields Of

    Genetics

    https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/science/scimeth2.htm
    Classical Genetics
    (based on Mendel's 1st and 2nd laws)
    • Mendel's first and second laws of inheritance
    • Meiosis and mitosis
    • Somatic and sex chromosome mapping
    • Extrachromosomal inheritance
    • Cytogenetics (changes in chromosome number and
    structure)
    • Quantitative genetics
    Molecular Genetics (based on the Central
    Dogma of Molecular Genetics)
    • Structure of nuclear and organelle DNA
    • Chemistry and replication of DNA
    • Transcription and translation
    • DNA cloning
    • Control of gene expression
    • Mutation and the repair of DNA
    Evolutionary Genetics (based on the
    theory of Natural Selection proposed by
    Darwin)
    •Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
    •Evolution
    •Speciation
    •Population genetics
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    1. General Features of an Organism Used for Genetic Studies
    • good genetic background
    • easy to grow
    • controlled mating is possible
    • can be genetically engineered
    • funding available
    2. Viruses
    • easily grown in culture
    • rapid generation time
    • encode only a few the proteins, which permit a detailed analysis of well-defined
    system
    • some viruses have control mechanisms found in eukaryotic species
    • can be genetically engineered
    • lack organized chromosome
    • not all genetic features can be extrapolated to other organisms
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies

    3. Escherichia coli
    • easily grown in culture
    • rapid generation time
    • many mutants available
    • many genes involved
    • life cycle very well defined
    • relatively simple to generate new mutants
    • can be genetically engineered
    • contain a rudimentary chromosome
    • not all genetic features can be extrapolated to higher organisms
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies

    Human
    • intense public interest and funding available
    • relatively well-mapped for most eukaryotic species
    • many diseases (mutant phenotypes) understood clinically
    • well-defined cytogenetic system
    • long generation time
    • many traits can only be studied in cell culture
    • cannot make controlled crosses
    • cannot be genetically engineered
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Drosophila
    • short generation time for a eukaryotic organisms (two
    weeks)
    • availability of many mutants controlling specific
    phenotypes
    • large chromosomes with well-defined cytogenetic system
    • survives well in the lab and matings are easily performed
    • currently, the best organism to study developmental
    genetics
    • transposable elements can be manipulated to clone
    genes
    • can be genetically engineered
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Maize
    • best mapped plant species
    • many mutants are available that control seed traits
    • well-defined cytogenetic system
    • transposable elements well understood and can be used
    to clone genes
    • matings tedious, but produce many (hundreds) of
    progeny
    • only three generations per year
    • cannot be easily genetically engineered
    • not well funded
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Rabidopsis thaliana
    • small genome with little repetitive DNA
    • short generation time (six weeks)
    • many mutants rapidly becoming available
    • matings tedious, but produce many (thousands)
    of progeny
    • currently, an intensely investigated organisms; the
    Drosophila of plant species
    • can be easily genetically engineered
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Mouse

    Mouse has been used for many genetic studies because it is a


    mammal that is a relatively good model for human gene expression.
    A good example is the globin genes, protein that carry oxygen in
    blood cells. The genetic and molecular organization of the mouse
    and human genes are quite similar: they have the same number of
    exons and have the introns located at the same amino acid residue in
    the transcript. Furthermore, the order of the multigene family is
    conserved. Yeast has also been well studied. Although this species is
    a good model system, this is not the reason that it was first
    investigated. The primary reason was because of its role in brewing.
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Mouse

    Mouse has been used for many genetic studies because it is a


    mammal that is a relatively good model for human gene expression.
    A good example is the globin genes, protein that carry oxygen in
    blood cells. The genetic and molecular organization of the mouse
    and human genes are quite similar: they have the same number of
    exons and have the introns located at the same amino acid residue in
    the transcript. Furthermore, the order of the multigene family is
    conserved. Yeast has also been well studied. Although this species is
    a good model system, this is not the reason that it was first
    investigated. The primary reason was because of its role in brewing.
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    Mouse

    Mouse has been used for many genetic studies because it is a


    mammal that is a relatively good model for human gene expression.
    A good example is the globin genes, protein that carry oxygen in
    blood cells. The genetic and molecular organization of the mouse
    and human genes are quite similar: they have the same number of
    exons and have the introns located at the same amino acid residue in
    the transcript. Furthermore, the order of the multigene family is
    conserved. Yeast has also been well studied. Although this species is
    a good model system, this is not the reason that it was first
    investigated. The primary reason was because of its role in brewing.
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    In addition many plant species have relatively well-
    defined genetic systems. Tomato, next to corn, is the
    best mapped plant species. Tobacco has become a
    valuable tool to study plant molecular genetics because
    of the ease in which it can be genetically engineered at
    the whole plant level. This permits the molecular
    analysis of many genes in the functioning organism,
    rather than in a cellular condition as is the case with
    animal systems.
    Characteristics Of Organisms Used For Genetic Studies
    In addition many plant species have relatively well-
    defined genetic systems. Tomato, next to corn, is the
    best mapped plant species. Tobacco has become a
    valuable tool to study plant molecular genetics because
    of the ease in which it can be genetically engineered at
    the whole plant level. This permits the molecular
    analysis of many genes in the functioning organism,
    rather than in a cellular condition as is the case with
    animal systems.

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