Chapter 28 Nerouvs System 2017
Chapter 28 Nerouvs System 2017
Chapter 28 Nerouvs System 2017
Central
CentralNervous
NervousSystem
System(CNS)
(CNS) Peripheral
PeripheralNervous
NervousSystem
System(PNS)
(PNS)
Brain
Brain Spinal
SpinalCord
Cord Motor
MotorNeurons
Neurons Sensory
SensoryNeurons
Neurons
Somatic
SomaticNervous
NervousSystem Autonomic
System AutonomicNervous
NervousSystem
System
•• voluntary
voluntarymovements
movementsvia
viaskeletal •• organs,
muscles
skeletal organs,smooth
smoothmuscles
muscles
muscles
Sympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic
-- “Fight-or-Flight”
“Fight-or-Flight”responses
responses --maintenance
maintenance
Central Nervous System
• Made up of brain and
spinal cord
• Acts as body’s control
center, coordinates
body’s activities
– Impulses travel
through the neurons in
your body to reach the
brain
• Central Nervous
System is yellow in
this diagram.
Peripheral Nervous System
• Made up of all the nerves that
carry messages to and from
the central nervous system.
– Similar to telephone wires that
connect all of our houses in the
community
• Central Nervous System and
Peripheral Nervous System
work together to make rapid
changes in your body in
response to stimuli.
• Peripheral Nervous System is
green in this diagram.
Peripheral Nervous System: 2 parts
• Somatic Nervous System
– Relay information between skin, skeletal muscles and
central nervous system
– You consciously control this pathway by deciding
whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)
– Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulus
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Relay information from central nervous system to
organs
– Involuntary: You do not consciously control these
– Sympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of
stress, such as the flight or fight response
– Parasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in
times of rest
CNS
PNS
Sympathetic
division Autonomic Somatic
nervous nervous
Parasympathetic system system
division
2
Structure of the Neuron
• myelin sheath: layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon and
helps speed up message transmission
– multiple sclerosis: deterioration of myelin leads to slowed
communication with muscles and impaired sensation in limbs
• knobs: structure at the end of one of the axon’s branches that releases
chemicals into the space between neurons, when the neuron is fired
From Neuron to Neuron
• ≈100 billion neurons in a human brain,
connected to an average of 10,000 others;
some up to 100,000
• neurotransmitters:
a chemical that
sends signals
from one neuron
to another over
the synapse
From Neuron to Neuron
• Neurotransmitters
are stored in
vesicles in the
knobs, and bind to
receptors on the cell
membrane of the
next neuron.
– Each receptor can
only bind with one
kind of
neurotransmitter.
3 types of neurons
- Largest Lobe
- Planning
- Complex
Thinking
- Reasoning
- Imagining
Parietal Lobe
• Process messages related
to:
• Touch
• Taste
• Temperature
• Controls muscle
movements
Occipital Lobe
• Processes Sight
• It is responsible for
transmitting neural
messages between both the
right and left hemispheres.
Right brain vs left brain
damage
Left Brain Right Brain
• Difficulties in • Visual-spatial
understanding impairment
language • Visual memory deficits
• Difficulty in speaking • Left neglect
and verbal output • Decreased awareness
• Sequencing difficulties of deficits
• Impaired logic • Altered creativity and
music perception
• Decreased control
• Decreased control over
over the right side of the left side of the body
the body
The Cerebellum
• Muscle coordination is developed here as well as
the memory of physical skills.
• If the cerebellum is injured, your movements
become jerky.
• When you see an amazing athlete perform, you
are watching a well-trained cerebellum at work.
Cerebellum
- Coordination
and voluntary
movement
- Balance and
equilibrium
- Coordinates
fine movements
The Brainstem
• Made up of the medulla oblongata, pons
and midbrain.
– Medulla oblongata controls involuntary
activities such as heart rate and breathing
– Pons and midbrain act as pathways
connecting various part of the brain with each
other.
• Sometimes called the reptilian brain,
because it resembles the entire brain of a
reptile.
- Controls essential survival
functions: Brainstem
- Breathing
- Heart Rate
- Swallowing
- Reflexes to seeing and hearing
- Controls sweating, blood pressure,
digestion, temperature
- Affects levels of alertness
Limbic System
Regulates:
Temperature
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Thalamus
- The thalamus is similar to a
doctor that diagnoses a patient's
disease or sickness.
- It diagnoses different sensory
information that is being
transmitted to the brain. It is like
a “Switch Board” receiving
messages and directing them to
the proper area.
- It directs the sensory information
to the different parts and lobes of
the cortex.
Hypothalamus