MEE 302 - Thermodynamics II Unit 1 (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
MEE 302 - Thermodynamics II Unit 1 (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
MEE 302 - Thermodynamics II Unit 1 (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
Thermodynamics II
Unit 1: Second Law of Thermodynamics
Eng. A. Kabemba
Module 1: Introduction
Introduction
Need was felt to have some more laws of thermodynamics were necessary
to handle such complex situations.
Introduction
1. Feasibility of process,
2. Direction of process, and
3. Grades of energy such as low and high
Introduction
It is noted from nature, the conversion from work to heat may take place
easily but the opposite may not be as easily realised.
• Conversion of low grade of energy (heat) into high grade of energy (work),
requires some device called the Heat Engine.
The heat pump transfers heat from low temperature to high temperature,
which is non spontaneous process,
External work is required to realise such heat transfer
The heat pump shown picks up heat Q2 at temperature T2 and rejects heat
Q1 for maintaining high temperature body at temperature T1
To cause this heat transfer, the heat pump is supplied with work W as
shown.
Concept of Heat Pump
As the heat pump is not a work producing machine and its objective is to
maintain a body at higher temperature, its performance cannot be defined
using efficiency as in case of the heat engine.
Performance of heat pump is quantified through a parameter called the
coefficient of performance (C.O.P).
The Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of the desired
effect to the net work done to get the desired effect.
Concept of Heat Pump
• Net work = W
• Desired effect = heat transferred Q1 to high temperature body at
temperature, T1.
Concept of Heat Pump
and
so
Concept of Refrigerator
• A Refrigerator is a device similar to heat pump but with the reverse objective.
• It maintains a body at temperature lower than that of surroundings while
operating in a cycle. A Block diagram representation of refrigerator is shown in
below.
Concept of Refrigerator
Similarly,
so
Concept of Refrigerator
COP values for Heat Pump and Refrigerators are interrelated as;
Module 5:
Statements for the
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Statements for the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The above statement clearly indicates that if a non-spontaneous process such as the
transfer of heat from a low temperature body to a high temperature body is to be
achieved, then some other effects such as the requirement for external work is bound to
be there.
• As already seen in case of refrigerator, the external work is required to extract heat from
a low temperature body and to reject it to high temperature body
Kelvin-Planck Statement of the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
“It is impossible for a device operating in a cycle to produce net work
while exchanging heat with bodies at a single fixed temperature”.
It says that in order to get net work from a device operating in cycle (i.e.
heat engine), it must have heat interaction at two different temperatures or
with body/reservoirs at different temperatures (i.e. source and sink).
Statements of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Q3 = Q2 + W and W= Q1
or
Q3 = Q1 + Q2
Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Statement 1: A system based on violation of
Kelvin-Planck statement leads to violation of
the Clausius statement.
Q2 = Q1
Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Statement 2: A system based on violation of
Clausius statement leads to violation of the
Kelvin-Planck statement.
1. Net work can’t be produced without having heat interactions taking place at two
different temperatures.
2. A non-spontaneous process such as heat flow from low temperature body to a high
temperature body is not possible without spending work.
Module 6:
Reversibility &
Irreversibility of
Thermodynamic
Processes
Reversibility & Irreversibility of Thermodynamic
Processes
• Thermodynamic processes can be classified based on their reversibility,
which determines the potential for regaining the initial state of the
system and the associated work and heat transfer.
• The change of state in Thermodynamic processes can occur in two ways;
1. The system restores to its original state by reversing the factors
responsible for occurrence of the initial process, i.e. Follows the same
Path in the forward and reverse process
2. The system restores to its original state but not by reversing the factors
responsible for occurrence of the initial process, i.e. Does no follow the
same Path in the forward and reverse process.
Reversible Processes
• After reversal of a process there is no trace of the process having occurred, i.e.
state changes during the forward process are the same as the states passed
through during the reverse process.
• Irreversible Systems are those which do not maintain equilibrium during the
occurrence of a process.
Irreversible Processes
• Properties describe the state of a system only when the system is in equilibrium.
• How then can we describe the states of a system during a process if the actual
process occurs only when equilibrium does not exist?
• The Quasi-static’ considerations, approximates real processes as reversible by
occurring very slowly, allowing the system to nearly reach equilibrium at each
stage
• The Quasi – static consideration is useful for theoretical analysis and cycle
modelling, representing the limiting case of reversible processes.
• Quasi-static literally refers to “almost static” and the infinite slowness of the
occurrence of a process is considered as the basic premise for attaining near
equilibrium in the system.
Module 7:
Carnot Cycle and
Carnot Engine
Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine
Nicholas Leonard Sadi Carnot, an engineer in the French army
originated use of the cycle (Carnot) in thermodynamic analysis
in 1824, and these concepts provided basics upon which the
Second Law of Thermodynamics was stated by Clausius and
others.
Q2–3 = 0
From the first law of thermodynamics;
Where;
Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine
Heat is only supplied during process
1 – 2;
Therefore;