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    Uniit 2.6

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    431 Shivam Singla

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    Uniit 2.6

    Uploaded by

    431 Shivam Singla
    9 views14 pages

    Original Title

    UNIIT 2.6

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    9 views14 pages

    Uniit 2.6

    Uploaded by

    431 Shivam Singla

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

    Master of Computer Applications


    Course Name: Network System Administration
    22CAH-752

    Prepared By:-Mr. SOBIT REHAN

    DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER


    Vision of Department

    To be a Centre of Excellence for nurturing computer professionals with strong application


    expertise through experiential learning and research for matching the requirements of
    industry and society instilling in them the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship.

    2
    Network Architecture - Protocols

    • Physical: Actual signal transmission


    • Data-Link: Framing / Error Detection
    • Network: Routing / Addressing
    • Transport: Congestion / Flow Control
    • Application: Specific to user needs
    Layered Protocols – (HTTP)
    Data Link Layer - Ethernet
    • Invented in 1973 @ Xerox. (IEEE 802.3)
    • Originally a LAN technology – extended to MAN / WAN.
    • Same frame format, different wiring schemes, data rates across generations.
    • Most common version (10BaseT) – 1990.
    Ethernet Generations
    • Original Ethernet:
    Coaxial cable (10Base5)
    Thicknet.

    • Next Generation:
    Thin coax cable (10Base2)
    Thinnet.

    • Modern Ethernet:
    Twisted pair ethernet (10BaseT)
    Uses hub: physical star but logical bus.
    Ethernet Components

    • NIC – Network Interface Card


    Integrated Tx/Rx – direct interface to medium.
    • MAU – Media Attachment Unit
    Attaches network interface to the medium (integrated into NIC).
    • AUI – Attachment Unit Interface
    Decouple physical layer -reuse MAC design with different media.
    • MII – Media Independent Interface
    Like AUI for gigabit / faster ethernets.
    Ethernet Addressing
    • 48-bit address
    • Address assigned when NIC card is manufactured.
    • Packets can be sent to
    Single address – Unicast
    All stations on network – Broadcast (address = all 1s.)
    Subset of stations – Multicast

    • Broadcast (address = all 1s.)


    All receivers accepts unicast / broadcats.
    • Half addresses reserved for multicast (247)
    NIC can accepts zero or more multicasts.
    Ethernet Frame

    Sender adds:
    Senders address is source
    Recepients addreess in destination
    Type of data in frame type
    Error check data (CRC)

    Receiver NIC:
    Gets transmitted frame.
    Examines address and either accepts or rejects.
    Passes frame to system software.
    Media Access Control - MAC
    • Shared medium – stations take turns at sharing the medium.
    • Media access control ensures fairness.

    CSMA / CD
    • Carrier Sense: wait till medium is idle before sending frame.

    • Multiple Access: multiple computers use the same shared media. Each uses same
    access algorithm.

    • Collision Detection: Listen to medium – detect if another station’s signal interferes –


    back off and try again later.
    CSMA / CD
    • If collision occurs: wait a random time t1 - 0< t1<d.
    D depends on transmission speed – time for frame width or 512 bits.
    • If second collision occurs, wait a random time t2 - 0< t2<2d.
    Double range for each succesive collision.
    Exponential backoff
    • No acknowledgement like TCP.

    • CSMA/CA used in wireless networks where not all stations receive message.
    • Both sides send small message followed by data:
    X is about to send to Y
    Y is about to receive from X
    Data frame sent from X to Y.
    Recent Developments
    • 100Base-FX
    LED light source / MMF / 2 km max distance.
    Modal dispersion – limited bandwidth

    • 100Base-SX (IEEE 802.3z)


    Short wavelength laser (850 nm)
    Max distance = 5 km.

    • 100Base-LX
    Long wavelength laser (1310 nm)
    Max distance = 5 km.
    Beyond Gigabit Ethernet
    • 10 Gb/s Ethernet
    No CSMS/CD, same frame format.
    • Applications
    Upgrade LANs / Backbone.
    MAN applications.
    THANK YOU

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