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Grade 12 Week 6
October 3-10., 2022
FALLACY EXAMPLE IN REAL LIFE STATEMENT: The Government should enact minimum-wage legislation so that workers are not exploited.
RESPONSE: Nonsense. You say that
only because you cannot find a good job. FALLACIES • Ad Hominem • An ad hominem fallacy uses personal attacks rather than logic. This fallacy occurs when someone rejects or criticizes another point of view based on the personal characteristics, ethnic background, physical appearance, or other non-relevant traits of the person who holds it. • Ad hominem arguments are often used in politics, where they are often called "mudslinging." They are considered unethical because politicians can use them to manipulate voters' opinions against an opponent without addressing core issues. • Since you haven't been able to prove your innocence, I must assume you're guilty.
• Wala pang nagbigay ng ebidensya na mayroon
kapre, kaya di totoo yun, kalokohan lang. FALLACIES • Appeal to Ignorance (Appeal to tradition, Appeal to Fear and others) • An appeal to ignorance (also known as an "argument from ignorance") argues that a proposition must be true because it has not been proven false or there is no evidence against it. • The argument can be used to bolster multiple contradictory conclusions at once, such as the following two claims: • "No one has ever been able to prove that extraterrestrials do not exist, so they must be real." • An appeal to ignorance doesn't prove anything. Instead, it shifts the need for proof away from the person making a claim. • A teacher says her class needs to spend more time on math tasks.
• A parent complains, saying the
teacher doesn’t care about literacy subjects. FALLACIES • Straw Man • A straw man argument attacks a different subject rather than the topic being discussed — often a more extreme version of the counter argument. The purpose of this misdirection is to make one's position look stronger than it actually is. • The straw man argument is appropriately named after a harmless, lifeless scarecrow. Instead of contending with the actual argument, they attack the equivalent of a lifeless bundle of straw — an easily defeated puppet that the opponent was never arguing for in the first place. • “Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.” (George Bush) • “Pag hindi ninyo isinumbong and mga mananakaw na naggulo sa bayan, kayo rin mga magnanakaw” FALLACIES • False Dilemma/False Dichotomy • A false dilemma or false dichotomy presents limited options — typically by focusing on two extremes — when in fact more possibilities exist. The phrase "America: Love it or leave it" is an example of a false dilemma. • The false dilemma fallacy is a manipulative tool designed to polarize the audience, promoting one side and demonizing another. It's common in political discourse as a way of strong-arming the public into supporting controversial legislation or policies. • Madalas ang kabataan ginagamit sa mga magulang ang fallacy na ito: • “ Ma, payagan mo na akong pumunta sa party. Pag lagi akong di nakapupunta sa party kawawa naman ako, lalayuan ako ng mga kaibigan ko mapagmalaki daw ako at walang pakisama, paglaki ko walang tutulong akin, wala rin akong makikitang trabajo at magiging ulilang kuhol.” • “Bakit lagging ayaw ninyo akong sumama sa jowa ko? Bakit kayo lagging galit sa akin?” Di na ba kayo naawa sa anak ninyo?” FALLACIES • Slippery Slope • A slippery slope argument assumes that a certain course of action will necessarily lead to a chain of future events. The slippery slope fallacy takes a benign premise or starting point and suggests that it will lead to unlikely or ridiculous outcomes with no supporting evidence. • YOU MUST OBEY THE LAW, BECAUSE IT’S ILLEGAL TO BREAK THE LAW.
• ANG SINULAT nA AKLAT NI JESSE AY MAGALING ANG
PAGKAKASULAT KASI SI JESSE AY MAHUSAY NA MANUNULAT.
• ANG PILIPINAS ANG THE “BEST PLACE TO LIVE” DAHIL ITO AY
MAS MAGALING SA IBANG MGA BANSA.
• VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES CAUSE TEENS TO BE VIOLENT,
BECAUSE VIOLENT TEENS PLAY VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES. FALLACIES • Circular Argument • Circular arguments occur when a person's argument repeats what they already assumed before without arriving at a new conclusion. For example, if someone says, "According to my brain, my brain is reliable," that's a circular argument. • Circular arguments often use a claim as both a premise and a conclusion. This fallacy only appears to be an argument when in fact it's just restating one's assumptions. • Yung nanligaw sa aking teen ager nag aaral sa Mount Carmel ay bastos at mayabang, presko pati. Kaya nga lahat ng lalaking magaaral ng MCSI ay bastos. Iwasan ninyo hane.
• Ang lola ni Kevin di marunong gumamit ng computer,
sabi niyang lahat ng mga olds are “computer illiterate” Anak: -Ma, Nasaktan talaga ako kasi ng break up kami ni Dwight. Ina: -Haays, isipin mo ang napakaraming nagugutom at may sakit na mga bata sa Africa, hirap na hirap sila, ang problema mo ay maliit na bagay FALLACIES • Red Herring • A red herring is an argument that uses confusion or distraction to shift attention away from a topic and toward a false conclusion. Red herrings usually contain an unimportant fact, idea, or event that has little relevance to the real issue. • Red herrings are a common diversionary tactic when someone wants to shift the focus of an argument to something easier or safer to address. But red herrings can also be unintentional. •Having visited a graveyard, I fell ill. (Belief, “pamahiin” can spring this kind of false cause for an incident)
• Pagbalik ko sa pagbisita sa puntod
ng kakilala ko sa sementeryo, kina bahan ako at nagkasakit. FALLACIES • Causal Fallacy • Causal fallacies are informal fallacies that occur when an argument incorrectly concludes that a cause is related to an effect. Think of the causal fallacy as a parent category for other fallacies about unproven causes. • One example is the false cause fallacy, which is when you draw a conclusion about what the cause was without enough evidence to do so. Another is the post hoc fallacy, which is when you mistake something for the cause because it came first — not because it actually caused the effect. •Magnolia oatmeal cereal is the best breakfast to start your day. Magnolia is the daily breakfast of Michael Jordan and Steph Curry. •The book “The Lame Future” argues that global warming is not actually happening, and the expert environmentalist author cites the researches he has done studying climate change for several years. •Appeal to Authority •Appeal to authority is the misuse of an authority's opinion to support an argument. While an authority's opinion can represent evidence and data, it becomes a fallacy if their expertise or authority is overstated, illegitimate, or irrelevant to the topic. • Peter: ‘Based on the arguments I have presented, it is evident that it is morally wrong to use animals for food or clothing.’ • Bill: ‘But you are wearing a leather jacket and you have a roast beef sandwich in your hand! How can you say that using animals for food and clothing is wrong?’
• Person A: “Stop running so many stop signs.”
• Person B: “You run them all the time!” • Appeal to Hypocrisy “Tu quoque” You too • An appeal to hypocrisy — also known as the tu quoque fallacy — focuses on the hypocrisy of an opponent. The tu quoque fallacy deflects criticism away from oneself by accusing the other person of the same problem or something comparable. • The tu quoque fallacy is an attempt to divert blame. The fallacy usually occurs when the arguer uses apparent hypocrisy to neutralize criticism and distract from the issue. • “A man is the only intelligent animal on the planet. And, since a woman is not a man, we can say that women are not intelligent.”
• “It is right to be sad instead of joyous because it’s
everyone’s right to feel sad if they wish to.”
• “A man is the only intelligent animal on the planet.
And, since a woman is not a man, we can say that women are not intelligent.” Equivocation Equivocation happens when a word, phrase, or sentence is used deliberately to confuse, deceive, or mislead. In other words, saying one thing but meaning another. When it's poetic or comical, we call this a "play on words." But when it's done in a political speech, an ethics debate, or an economics report — and it's designed to make the audience think you're saying something you're not — that's when it becomes a fallacy. You need to pass me in this course, since I'll lose my scholarship if you don’t.” • Appeal to Pity • An appeal to pity relies on provoking your emotions to win an argument rather than factual evidence. Appealing to pity attempts to pull on an audience's heartstrings, distract them, and support their point of view. • Someone accused of a crime using a cane or walker to appear more feeble in front of a jury is one example of appeal to pity. The appearance of disability isn't an argument on the merits of the case, but it's intended to sway the jury's opinion anyway. • appeals to pity in an attempt to distract the audience from their lack of a more reasonable main argument. • “Don’t do your homework, come to the movies tonight. Everyone is going to be there.” • “The new Audi is the most popular car right now, everyone says it’s the best.” • When Ahmed is deciding what clothes to buy, his friend tells him that the new jeans are the most popular fashion at the moment. If he wants to feel comfortable he should buy them. • Bandwagon Fallacy • The bandwagon fallacy assumes something is true (or right or good) because others agree with it. In other words, the fallacy argues that if everyone thinks a certain way, then you should, too. • One problem with this kind of reasoning is that the broad acceptance of a claim or action doesn't mean that it's factually justified. People can be mistaken, confused, deceived, or even willfully irrational in their opinions, so using them to make an argument is flawed. •I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick. • Post hoc ergo propter hoc: This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' Example: • In this example, the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second. But the illness could have been caused by the burrito the night before, a flu bug that had been working on the body for days, or a chemical spill across campus. There is no reason, without more evidence, to assume the water caused the person to be sick. •“The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.” •Genetic Fallacy: This conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example: In this example the author is equating the character of a car with the character of the people who built the car. However, the two are not inherently related. •Chocolate is healthful because it’s good for you
• Filthy and polluting coal should be
banned. Begging the question: The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. • Arguing that coal pollutes the earth and thus should be banned would be logical. But the very conclusion that should be proved, that coal causes enough pollution to warrant banning its use, is already assumed in the claim by referring to it as "filthy and polluting."
Dark Psychology: Master the Advanced Secrets of Psychological Warfare, Covert Persuasion, Dark NLP, Stealth Mind Control, Dark Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Maximum Manipulation, and Human Psychology: Dark Psychology Series Book, #3