Cell Structure and Function

CELL STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
PREPARED BY: HYACINTH RAE ARANAS - LIPAT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Specifically, you are expected to….
1. identify the different cell organelles;
2. describe the structure and functions of the cell
organelles
PRE-TEST
INSTRUCTIONS: Read each question/ statement
carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is found inside
the nucleus?
A. CYTOPLASM
B. NUCLEOLUS
C. RIBOSOME
D. VESICLE
2. Which organelle is responsible for
lipid synthesis?
A. NUCLEUS
B. RIBOSOME
C. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
D. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
3. Which organelle is responsible for packaging
macromolecules in the cell?
A. RIBOSOME
B. MITOCHONDRION
C. GOLGI APPARATUS
D. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
4. Which organelle releases oxygen?
A. RIBOSOME
B. CHLOROPLAST
C. MITOCHONDRION
D. GOLGI APPARATUS
5. Which organelle is responsible for the
synthesis of phospholipids and steroids?
A. NUCLEUS
B. RIBOSOME
6. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes
that destroy foreign materials in the cell?
A. LYSOSOMES
B. MITOCHONDRION
C. NUCLEUS
D. RIBOSOMES
7. Which of the following refers to the function
of chloroplasts?
A. LIPID SYNTHESIS
B. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
C. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
D. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
8. Which organelle transports ribosomes?
A. MITOCHONDRION
B. GOLGI APPARATUS
9. Which of the following is TRUE about rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
I. LIPID SYNTHESIS
II. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
III. PRESENCE OF RIBOSOMES
IV. ABSENCE OF RIBOSOMES
A. I&II B. I&III C. II & III D. I&IV

10. The following are statements about the cell
organelle and its functions EXCEPT one. Which one
is it?
A. Nucleus controls all the activities of the cell.
B. Mitochondrion allows ATP synthesis to take place.
C. Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins and lipids.
D. Peroxisomes destroys all nonfunctional organelles of the cell.
3 MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL
CELL MEMBRANE – It surrounds the cell and controls the
substances that go into and out of the cell.
NUCLEUS – is a structure inside the cell that contains the
nucleolus and most of the cell’s DNA(replicates and stores
genetic information contained within an organism). It is also
where most RNA (converts the genetic information contained
within DNA to a format used to build proteins, and then moves
it to ribosomal protein factories) is made
CYTOPLASM – is the fluid inside the cell. It contains other tiny cell
parts that have specific functions. It is where most chemical
reactions take place and where proteins are made.
CELL ORGANELLES
In the previous lesson, you learned about the origin of
cells and the three postulates of the cell theory. In this
lesson, you will learn about the structures and
functions of different cell organelles.
As defined in the previous lesson, cells
are the basic units of structure and
functions in organisms. Cells contain
small membrane-bound structures
called organelles that performs specific
functions.
Cells have different parts called organelles. You
learned in your previous grade levels that organelles
are membrane-bound structures found within the cell.
These organelles are suspended in cytoplasm which is
a viscous liquid found inside the cell membrane. The
cytoplasm houses the different organelles. It is where
most processes take place.
Nucleus
The nucleus is important to the life
of the cell. It is commonly known
as the “brain of the cell”. It
contains and stores all the genetic
information for manufacturing
proteins (helps repair & build our
body’s tissues) and responsible for
controlling all cellular activities.
 The nucleus consists of chromatin,
nucleolus, and nuclear envelope.
 The chromatin is a network of strands
that condenses and undergoes
coiling into rod-like structures called
chromosomes. Chromatin contains
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), histones
(a protein that provides structural support
for a chromosomes) and some RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid).
 The nucleolus is a dark region of
chromatin where a type of RNA,
called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is
produced, and joins with proteins to
form the subunits of ribosomes.
The nuclear envelope is a double
membrane that separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm. It has nuclear pores to
permit the passage of RNA out of the nucleus
into the cytoplasm, and the passage of
proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
The nucleus serves as the
storage of genetic materials such
as DNA and RNA.
Nucleus controls other

organelles by facilitating cell
growth, cell division, and protein
synthesis.
Ribosomes
 The ribosomes are also
known as the “protein
factories of the cell”.
 They are mainly
responsible for protein
synthesis in the cells.
 They are usually dispersed
in the cytoplasm or attached
to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
Ribosomes carry out
instructions coming
form the nucleus to
synthesize proteins.
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system consists
of the three major organelles that work
together to perform different tasks such
as packaging, producing, and
exporting certain cellular products.
The endomembrane system includes
the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus and several types of
vesicles (cellular organelles that are
composed of a lipid bilayer and use to
transport materials from one place to
another).
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) consists of complicated
system of membranous channels
and flattened vesicles which is
physically continuous to the outer
membrane of the nuclear
envelope.
There are two types of
endoplasmic reticulum: the rough
endoplasmic reticulum and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
is studded with ribosomes on
the side of the membrane that
faces the cytoplasm. It is
responsible for synthesizing
proteins.
It is involved in the production
of various proteins in the cell,
antibodies, insulin, as well as
transportation of proteins into
the smooth ER.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is
continuous with rough ER, does not have
attached ribosomes.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
responsible for synthesizing lipids(fats
and oils), such as phospholipids(fatty
acids) and steroids (sex hormones,
cholesterol, bile acids and some drugs) .
The function of smooth ER is usually
dependent on a particular cell. For example,
smooth ER in the liver helps in detoxifying
drugs. Usually, smooth ER increases its
quantity when a person regularly consumes
alcohols.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is the
“mailman of the cell”.
It is responsible for transporting,

modifying and packaging proteins
and lipids into vesicles for
delivery to targeted destinations.
Lysosomes  The lysosomes
membrane-bounded vesicles
produced by the Golgi
are
apparatus.
 Lysosomes are very acidic
and contain powerful
hydrolytic digestive enzymes
that require a low–pH
environment.
 Hydrolytic enzymes break down
large molecules into small
molecules.
 For example, they break down
large carbohydrates into simple
sugars that will serve as a
nutrient for the cell.
 Lysosomes are responsible in
recycling cellular material and
destroying invading viruses
and bacteria.
 “suicide bag of the cell”
 act as waste disposal system of

the cell by digesting or breaking
down the trash or unneeded
materials in the cytoplasm.
Energy–related Organelles
One of the functions of the cell is to convert energy

to a form that can be used by the cell. It includes
organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (mitochondria, plural)
is often called the “powerhouse of the
cell.”
It produces most of the ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) which is used by the cell
through the process called cellular
respiration.
The mitochondrion is a double membrane-
bound organelle that is responsible for
supplying and storing energy for the cell.
VACUOLE
- “storage room of the cells”
- membrane bound structure
which main function is for
storage of food, water and
even waste

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CELL STRUCTURE

A. I&II B. I&III C. II & III D. I&IV

Nucleus controls other

It is responsible for transporting,

 “suicide bag of the cell”

 act as waste disposal system of

One of the functions of the cell is to convert energy

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