DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

EXPERIMENTS

Dr. Tamer A. Mohamed

 CHAPTER 2

Simple Comparative Experiments

DEFINITION
 Simple comparative experiment is defined as the
experiment to compare two conditions or sometime
called two treatment
Graphical Description of Variability:
1. Dot Diagrams
2. Scatter Plots
3. Histograms
4. Box Plots
1.Dot Diagrams
A stack of observed values along a
horizontal axis.
Example
Tension Bond Strength Data

16 16.5 17 17.5 18
yi (kgf/cm2)

16.76 17.92
(0.316) (0.247)
2. Scatter Plots
Two dimensional plot of individual data values for
measurements on pairs of variables.

Example
Tension Bond Strength for the Modified formulation
in order of data collection
 Scatter Plot for Tension Bond Strength

17.7
17.5
Modified Mortar

17.3
17.1
16.9
16.7
16.5
16.3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Run Order
3. Histograms
Alternatives to dot diagrams and show how
often the data occur in various intervals of the
measured variable.
Example
Job CPU times (in seconds), n = 25

1.17 1.61 1.16 1.38 3.53

1.23 3.76 1.94 0.96 4.75
0.15 2.41 0.71 0.02 1.59
0.19 0.82 0.47 2.16 2.01
0.92 0.75 2.59 3.07 1.40
Frequency Distribution Table:
Boundaries
Tally Fi R. Fi
Lower Upper

0.015 0.715 | | | | 5 0.20

0.715 1.415 | | | | | | | | 9 0.36
1.415 2.115 | | | | 4 0.16
2.115 2.815 | | | 3 0.12
2.815 3.515 | 1 0.04
3.515 4.215 | | 2 0.08
4.215 4.915 | 1 0.04
 Histogram
Freq.

10

yi (sec’s)
0
Interpreting a Histogram:

• Proportion of sample observations

• Numerical measures
• Distribution shape
4. Box Plot
Five values: maximum, minimum, QU, QL and
the median of the data set.

QL QU
yi
X X *

Inner Fences

Outer Fences
Outliers:
Errant observations (i.e., unusually large or
small relative to the other data values)
which lie outside of the range of data
values under study.
Sources of outliers:
1. Measurement is observed, recorded or
entered into a computer
incorrectly.
2. Measurement comes from a different
population.
3. Measurement is correct but represents a
rare event
Studies Based on a Single Sample :
Parameter Estimation:
Using information from a single random sample to
estimate the value of an unknown parameter:
 Point Estimator:
A rule or formula used to calculate a sample
statistic which corresponds to the unknown
parameter. e.g.,

1 n

n 1
yi  y  ̂
 Interval Estimator :
ˆ
An interval between two values and L ˆUwill enclose
that
the parameter  with a specified probability (Confidence
level),
i.e,

P (ˆL    ˆU )  1  

 
1- 
Where,
ˆL is the lower confidence limit constructed such that
(/2) 100 % of the sampling distribution of lies to itsˆ left.
is the upper confidence limit constructed such that
ˆU 100 % of the sampling distribution of lies to its right.
(/2)
ˆ
 is the confidence level of the
interval.
{ = 0.05 for most practical applications}
Note:
The higher the confidence level, the wider
the interval !!
Estimating the mean ():
Case I:  Known

The statistic z can be used to construct

the interval such that:
 
P ( y  z 2    y  z 2 )  1
n n
Example:
A manufacturing company produces light
bulbs that have a length of life that is
approx., normally distributed with mean
 and standard deviation of 40 hr’s.
If a random sample 16 bulbs has a mean
of 780 hr’s, construct a 95%confidence
interval for the population mean.
Using the cumulative Normal Table,
at 1- = 0.95

 
z/2 = 1.96 1- 
z
The interval is given by:

760.4 <  < 799.6

Conclusion
“At 95% confidence level, we expect the
mean life of all bulbs produced to be within
760.4 and 799.6 hr’s.”
• Would you accept the claim that the
mean life of these light bulbs is 850 hr’s ?

• How would you achieve a shorter interval

for estimating the mean life?
Estimating the mean ():
Case II:  Unknown

The statistic t can be used to construct

the interval such that:
s s
P ( y  t 2    y  t 2 )  1
n n

t/2 , is the tabulated value of the t statistic

with  = n-1 df corresponding to a
tail area of (/2).
The statistic t can be used to construct
the interval such that:
s s
P ( y  t 2    y  t 2 )  1
n n

t/2 ,  is the tabulated value of the t statistic

with  (df) = n-1 , corresponding to a tail
area of (/2).
Example:
The contents of 7 similar containers of
sulfuric acid are 9.8, 10.2, 10.4, 9.8, 10.0,
10.2, and 9.6 liters. Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the mean of all such
containers assuming that contents are
normally distributed.
From sample data:
y = 10.0 ,and s = 0.283 liters.
Using the t-distribution Table
For  = 7-1= 6 and  = 0.05
t/2 = t 0.025= 2.447

 

-t/2 t/2
The interval is given by:
9.74 <  < 10.26
Conclusion:
“At the 95% confidence level, we expect the
mean content of all such containers to lie
within 9.74 and 10.26 liters.”
Estimation of the Variance (2)

The statistic 2 can be used to construct

an interval such that:

(n  1) S
2
(n  1) S2
P(   2
 )  1  
 2
2
1 2
2
Example:
To estimate the variance of fill at a cannery,
10 cans were selected at random and their
contents are weighed. The following data
were obtained ( in ounces): 7.96, 7.90, 7.98,
8.01, 7.97, 7.96, 8.03, 8.02, 8.04, 8.02.
Construct a 90% confidence interval
for estimating the variance.
From sample data,
s = 0.0430 f( )
Using Table of Chi Square
 
At (1- = 0.90,
and  = n-1= 9  
 
and

Conclusion

At 90% confidence level, we

expect the variance to lie between
0.00098 and 0.0050 (Sq. ounces).

Note:
0.0314<< 0.0707
 Hypotheses Testing:
Using sample evidence to reject or accept a
claim regarding the value of a population
parameter.

Elements of the Test:

• The null hypotheses, H0
• The alternative hypotheses, H 1
• The test statistic
• Rejection region
Properties
We are to make a decision based on sample
data to either reject or accept a claim:

Hypotheses H0
Decision True False
Accept No error Type II error
Reject Type I error No error
Definitions:
• The probability of making type I error ():
“Is the conditional probability of rejecting Ho, when
Ho is true.”

• The probability of making type II error ():

“Is the conditional probability of accepting Ho, when
Ho is false.”

• The power of the test (1-):

“Is the probability of rejecting Ho, when Ho is false.”
• A two-tailed test:
A test of hypothesis where the alternative is
two-directional:

Ho: = o Vs. H1:   o

Reject Reject
 
Accept

L  U
•A one-tailed test:
A test of hypothesis where the alternative is
one-directional:

Upper-tailed
Ho : < o Vs. H1:  > o

Reject

Accept

 U
Lower-tailed

Ho : > o Vs. H1:  < o

Reject

Accept

L 
TESTING A POPULATION MEAN 
Case I:  Known or n >= 30
_
y  o
Zc =

n
Example
A manufacturer of sports equipment has
developed a new synthetic fishing line that
he claims to have a mean breaking strength
of 8 kg with standard deviation of 0.5. A
random sample of 20 lines is tested and
found to have a mean 7.8 kg.
• Is there sufficient evidence to reject the
manufacturer claim at  = 0.01?

• What is  if in fact =7.5 kg?

Ho:  ≥8 Vs. H1:  < 8
lower-tailed test

Rejection region: Reject


at  = 0.01 Accept
Z0.01= -2.326 Z0.01  z
Using Z as the test statistic:
Rejection Region: -1.79
Z = -2.326 Reject

From sample data: Accept
-2.326  z
y   o 7 .8  8 .0
Z   1.79
 n 0.5 20
Since Z > Z, we fail to reject the null.
 = P{accepting Ho:= 8 | a=7.5}

= P{y > 7.74 | a=7.5}

= P{ z > 2.15} = 0.01578

Reject Accept


   y

Notes
• The power of the test at a= 7.5 kg

(1-) = 0.98422
TESTING A POPULATION MEAN 
Case II:  unknown and n < 30
_

tc = y  o
S n
Example
In the fishing line example, suppose  is
unknown and sample data are:
n =20, y =7.8 kg and S=0.6 kg.
Assuming that the breaking strength is
normally distributed, test the manufacturer’s
claim at =0.01.
 Ho : ≥ 8 Vs H1:  < 8
lower-tailed test

Rejection region
using the t-distribution Table:
at  = 0.01, and
 = (n-1)=19 Reject
 Accept
t0.01= -2.539  t
t0.01
From sample data:

y   o 7.8  8.0
t   1.49
S n 0.6 20

-1.49
Reject
 Accept

 t
-2.539
Conclusion
Since t > t , we fail to reject Ho ,
and accept the manufacturer’s claim.
Testing the population variance 2

• When random sampling from a normal

population, the test statistic is:

( n  1) S 2
 
2

o 2
Example
A manufacturer of car batteries claims that
the life of his batteries is approximately
normally distributed with standard deviation
equal to 0.9 years. A random sample of 10
such batteries has a standard deviation of
1.2 years. Is there sufficient evidence to
conclude that  > 0.9 years? Use a 5% level
of significance.
 Ho: H1:2=(0.9)2 Vs. 2 >(0.9)2
Upper tailed test

from the 2 Distribution Table:

At =(n-1)=9, f( )
and = 0.05 Reject
Accept 
2 = 16.92 
 
from sample data:
( n  1) S 2 9(1.2) 2
2    16.0
 o2 (0.9) 2

Conclusion:
Since 2 < 16.92, accept Ho and
reject the claim that  > 0.9 years.