Introduction to C++ Programming,

Input/Output, and Operators

Chapter 2 of C++ How to Program, 10/e

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2.1 Introduction

 We now introduce C++ programming, which facilitates a

disciplined approach to program development
 Most of the C++ programs in this chapter
◦ Process data and
◦ Display results

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text
 We begin with our first program
◦ Simple program that prints a line of text

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1 // Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.cpp
2 // Text-printing program
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++! \n"; // display message
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11 } // end function main

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 // indicates that the remainder of each line is a comment
◦ You insert comments to document your programs and
◦ To help other people read and understand your code
◦ Comments are ignored by the C++ compiler, thus it does not cause
the computer to perform any action
 A comment line that begins with // is called single-line
comment because it terminates at the end of the current line
 Multiple-line comment begins with /* and ends with */

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 Lines beginning with # are preprocessor directives
 Lines that begin with # are processed by the preprocessor
before the program is compiled
 #include <iostream>
◦ Notifies the preprocessor to include in your program the
contents of the input/output stream header file <iostream>

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 You use blank lines, space characters and tab characters (i.e.,
“tabs”) to make programs easier to read
◦ Together, these characters are known as white space
◦ White-space characters are ignored by the compiler

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 main is a part of every C++ program
 C++ programs begin executing at function main, even if main
is not the first function defined in the program
 The parentheses after main indicate that main is a building
block called a function
 C++ programs typically consist of one or more functions and
classes
 Exactly one function in every program must be named main

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main
“returns” an integer (whole number) value
◦ A keyword is a word that is reserved by C++ compiler for a
specific use
◦ For now, simply include the keyword int to the left of main in
each of your programs

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 A left brace { must begin the body of every function
 A corresponding right brace } must end each function’s body

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 A statement instructs the computer to perform an action
 We refer to characters between double quotation marks simply
as strings
◦ White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler
 Most C++ statements end with a semicolon (;), also known as
the statement terminator
◦ Preprocessing directives (like #include) do not end with a
semicolon

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 Typically, output and input in C++ are accomplished with streams
of data
 When a cout statement executes, it sends a stream of characters
to the standard output stream object, std::cout
◦ Which is directly “connected” to the screen
◦ The std:: before cout is required when we use names that we’ve
brought into the program by #include <iostream>
◦ The notation std::cout specifies that we are using a name, in
this case cout, that belongs to “namespace” std
◦ The names cin (standard input stream object) and cerr (the
standard error stream object) also belong to namespace std

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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 In the context of an output statement, the << operator is referred to
as the stream insertion operator
◦ It takes the value of its right operand and inserts it to the left
operand, i.e. the output stream
◦ The characters \n are not printed on the screen
◦ The backslash (\) is called an escape character
◦ It indicates that a “special” character is to be outputed
◦ When a backslash is encountered in a string of characters, the next
character is combined with the backslash to form an escape sequence
◦ The escape sequence \n means newline, i.e. causes the cursor to
move to the beginning of the next line on the screen
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2.2 First Program in C++:
Printing a Line of Text (cont.)
 When the return statement is used at the end of main the
value 0 indicates that the program has terminated successfully
 According to the C++ standard, if program execution reaches
the end of main without encountering a return statement,
it’s assumed that the program terminated successfully
 Exactly as when the last statement in main is a return
statement with the value 0

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2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program

 Welcome to C++! can be printed several ways

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1 // Fig. 2.3: fig02_03.cpp
2 // Printing a line of text with multiple statements
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++! \n"; // display message
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12 } // end function main

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2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program

 A single statement can print multiple lines by using newline

characters
 Each time the \n (newline) escape sequence is encountered
in the output stream, the screen cursor is positioned to the
beginning of the next line
 To get a blank line in your output, place two newline
characters back to back

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1 // Fig. 2.4: fig02_04.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines of text with single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; // display message
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11 } // end function main

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2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers

 The next program obtains two integers typed by a user at the

keyboard
 Computes their sum and outputs the result using std::cout
 Figure 2.5 shows the program and sample inputs and outputs

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1 // Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.cpp: addition program RAM
2 // that displays the sum of two integers
3 #include <iostream>
4 num1 0
int main() {
5 // declaring and initializing variables
num2 0
6 int num1{0}; // initialized to 0
7 int num2{0}; // initialized to 0 sum 0
8 int sum{0}; // initialized to 0
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10 std::cout << "Enter first integer: "; // prompt user
11 std::cin >> num1; // read first integer from user
12 std::cout << "Enter second integer: "; // prompt user
13 std::cin >> num2; // read second integer from user
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15 sum = num1 + num2; // add numbers, store result in sum
16 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // display sum

17 return 0;
18 } 28
2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Declarations introduce identifiers into programs
 The identifiers num1, num2, & sum are the names of variables
 A variable is a location in the computer’s memory where a
value can be stored for use by a program
 Variables num1, num2, and sum are data of type int
 Meaning that these variables will hold only integers
◦ Whole numbers such as 7, –11, 0 and 31914

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Lines 6–8 initialize each variable to 0 by placing a value in
braces { 0 } immediately following the variable’s name
◦ Known as list initialization
◦ Introduced in C++11
 Previously, these declarations would have been written as:
int num1 = 0;
int num2 = 0;
int sum = 0;

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 All variables must be declared with a name and a data type
before they can be used in a program
 If more than one name is declared in a declaration, the names
are separated by commas
 This is referred to as a comma-separated list, for example:
int num1, num2, sum;

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Data type double is for specifying real numbers
 Real numbers are numbers with decimal points, such as 3.14,
0.01 and –11.19
 Data type char for specifying character data
 char variable can hold only one single character, that can be:
◦ Lowercase letter
◦ Uppercase letter
◦ Digit
◦ Special character (e.g., $, *, @, …)

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Data types such as int, double, and char are called
fundamental types
 Fundamental-type names are keywords and therefore must
appear in lowercase letters
 Appendix C contains the complete list of fundamental types

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 A variable name is any valid identifier that is not a keyword
 An identifier is a series of characters consisting of letters,
digits and underscores ( _ ) that does not begin with a digit
 C++ is case sensitive, i.e. uppercase and lowercase letters are
different
◦ So a1 and A1 are different variables

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Declarations of variables can be placed almost anywhere in a
program
 But variables must be declared before they are used in the
program

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 A prompt directs the user to take a specific action
 A cin statement uses the input stream object cin and the
stream extraction operator >>, to obtain a value from the
keyboard
 Using the stream extraction operator with std::cin takes
character input from the standard input stream, which is
usually the keyboard

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 When the computer executes an input statement that places a
value in an int variable, it waits for the user to enter a value
for variable num1
 The user responds by typing the number then pressing the
Enter key to send the value to the computer
 The computer assigns this number to the variable num1
 Any subsequent references to num1 in this program will use
this value

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 In this program, an assignment statement adds the values of
variables num1 and num2 and assigns the result to variable
sum using the assignment operator =
◦ Most calculations are performed in assignment statements
 The = and the + operator are called binary operators because
each has two operands

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 std::endl is a so-called stream manipulator
 The name endl is an abbreviation for “end line” and belongs
to namespace std
 The std::endl stream manipulator outputs a newline, then
“flushes the output buffer”
◦ This simply means that, on some systems where outputs
accumulate in the machine until there are enough to “make it
worthwhile” to display them on the screen, std::endl forces
any accumulated outputs to be displayed at that moment
◦ This can be important when the outputs are prompting the user
for an action, such as entering data

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2.4 Another C++ Program:
Adding Integers (cont.)
 Using multiple stream insertion operators (<<) in a single
statement is referred to as concatenating stream insertion
operations
 Calculations can also be performed in output statements

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2.5 Memory Concepts

 Variable names such as num1, num2 and sum actually

correspond to locations in the computer’s memory RAM
 Every variable has a name, type, size, and a value
 When a value is placed in a memory location, the value
overwrites the previous value in that location
 Thus, placing a new value into a memory location is said to be
destructive
 When a value is read out of a memory location, the process is
nondestructive

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2.6 Arithmetic

 Most programs perform arithmetic calculations

◦ Figure 2.9 summarizes the C++ arithmetic operators
◦ The arithmetic operators are all binary operators

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2.6 Arithmetic

 Arithmetic operators
◦ The asterisk (*) indicates multiplication
◦ The / indicates division, however:
◦ Integer division returns an integer quotient/result
◦ Integer division means that both the numerator and the
denominator are integers
◦ Any fractional part in integer division is discarded, i.e. truncated,
no rounding occurs, for example;
int x = 5 / 3; // x has the value 1
int y = 12 / 5; // y has the value 2

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2.6 Arithmetic

 Arithmetic operators – continue

◦ The percent sign (%) is the remainder operator (or modulus)
 Returns the remainder after integer division
 Can be used only with integer operands
◦ Example:
int z = 13 % 5; // z has the value 3

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2.6 Arithmetic (cont.)

 C++ applies the operators in arithmetic expressions in a

precise sequence determined by the rules of operator
precedence
◦ Which are generally the same as those followed in algebra

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2.6 Arithmetic (cont.)

 There is no arithmetic operator for exponentiation in C++

◦ So x2 is represented as x * x
 Figure 2.11 illustrates the order in which the operators in a
second-degree polynomial are applied
y = 2 x2 + 3x + 7 where x = 5
 As in algebra, it’s acceptable to place redundant parentheses
in an expression to make the expression clearer

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2.7 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
 The if statement allows a program to take alternative action
based on whether a condition is true or false
◦ If the condition is true, the statement in the body of the if
statement is executed
◦ If the condition is false, the body statement is not executed
◦ Conditions in if statements can be formed by using the equality
and relational operators (Fig. 2.12)
◦ The relational operators all have the same level of precedence
and associate left to right
◦ The equality operators both have the same level of precedence,
and associate left to right

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2.7 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
 Fig. 2.12 uses six if statements to compare two numbers
inputted by the user
 If the condition in any of these if statements is satisfied
◦ The output statement associated with that if statement will
execute

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1 // Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.cpp RAM
2 // Comparing integers using if statement with
3 // relational operators and equality operators
4 num1
#include <iostream>
5 using namespace std;
num2
6
7 int main()
8 {
9 // declaring and initializing variables
10 int num1; // 1st integer to compare, initialized to 0
11 int num2; // 2nd integer to compare, initialized to 0
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13 cout << "Enter two integers to compare: "; // prompt user
14 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers from user
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16 if (num1 == num2) { // tests if num1 is equal to
17 num2
18 cout << num1 << " == " << num2 << endl;
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}
19 if (num1 != num2) { // tests if num1 is != from num2
20 cout << num1 << " != " << num2 << endl;
21 }
22 if (num1 < num2) { // tests if num1 is < than num2
23 cout << num1 << " < " << num2 << endl;
24 }
25 if (num1 <= num2) { // tests if num1 is <= to num2
26 cout << num1 << " <= " << num2 << endl;
27 }
28 if (num1 > num2) { // tests if num1 is > than num2
29 cout << num1 << " > " << num2 << endl;
30 }
31 if (num1 >= num2) { // tests if num1 is >= to num2
32 cout << num1 << " >= " << num2 << endl;
33 }
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35 return 0;
36 } 67
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2.7 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
 using declarations, eliminate the need to repeat the std::
prefix, so in the remainder of the program you can write
◦ cout instead of std::cout,
◦ cin instead of std::cin and
◦ endl instead of std::endl
 Many programmers prefer to use the declaration
using namespace std;
◦ Which enables a programmer to use all the names in any
standard C++ header file, such as <iostream>

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2.7 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
 Each if statement in Fig. 2.13 has a single statement in its
body and each body statement is indented
 Each if statement’s body is enclosed in a pair of braces, { }
◦ Creating what’s called a compound statement or a block that
may contain multiple statements

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2.7 Decision Making:
Equality and Relational Operators
 Figure 2.14 shows the precedence and associativity of the
operators introduced in this chapter
 The operators are shown top to bottom in decreasing order
of precedence
 All these operators, with the exception of the assignment
operator =, associate from left to right

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