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Chapter 5:
Control Structures II (Repetition)
Why Is Repetition Needed? • Repetition allows efficient use of variables • Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables • For example, to add five numbers: – Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together – Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 2 while Looping (Repetition) Structure • Syntax of the while statement:
• statement can be simple or compound
• expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression • statement is called the body of the loop • The parentheses are part of the syntax
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.) • i in Example 5-1 is called the loop control variable (LCV) • Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly – Avoided by including statements in loop body that assure the exit condition is eventually false
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops • When you know exactly how many times the statements need to be executed – Use a counter-controlled while loop
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Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops • Sentinel variable is tested in the condition • Loop ends when sentinel is encountered
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Example 5-5: Telephone Digits • Example 5-5 provides an example of a sentinel-controlled loop • The program converts uppercase letters to their corresponding telephone digit
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Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops • Flag-controlled while loop: uses a bool variable to control the loop
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Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops (cont’d.)
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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number • Consider the following sequence of numbers: – 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, .... • Called the Fibonacci sequence • Given the first two numbers of the sequence (say, a1 and a2) – nth number an, n >= 3, of this sequence is given by: an = an-1 + an-2
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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) • Fibonacci sequence – nth Fibonacci number – a2 = 1 – a1 = 1 – Determine the nth number an, n >= 3
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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) • Suppose a2 = 6 and a1 = 3 – a3 = a 2 + a 1 = 6 + 3 = 9 – a4 = a3 + a2 = 9 + 6 = 15 • Write a program that determines the nth Fibonacci number, given the first two numbers
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Programming Example: Input and Output • Input: first two Fibonacci numbers and the desired Fibonacci number • Output: nth Fibonacci number
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Programming Example: Problem Analysis and Algorithm Design • Algorithm: – Get the first two Fibonacci numbers – Get the desired Fibonacci number • Get the position, n, of the number in the sequence – Calculate the next Fibonacci number • Add the previous two elements of the sequence – Repeat Step 3 until the nth Fibonacci number is found – Output the nth Fibonacci number C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 17 Programming Example: Variables
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm • Prompt the user for the first two numbers— that is, previous1 and previous2 • Read (input) the first two numbers into previous1 and previous2 • Output the first two Fibonacci numbers • Prompt the user for the position of the desired Fibonacci number
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont’d.) • Read the position of the desired Fibonacci number into nthFibonacci – if (nthFibonacci == 1) The desired Fibonacci number is the first Fibonacci number; copy the value of previous1 into current – else if (nthFibonacci == 2) The desired Fibonacci number is the second Fibonacci number; copy the value of previous2 into current C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 20 Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont’d.) – else calculate the desired Fibonacci number as follows: • Start by determining the third Fibonacci number • Initialize counter to 3 to keep track of the calculated Fibonacci numbers. • Calculate the next Fibonacci number, as follows: current = previous2 + previous1;
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont’d.) – (cont’d.) • Assign the value of previous2 to previous1 • Assign the value of current to previous2 • Increment counter • Repeat until Fibonacci number is calculated: while (counter <= nthFibonacci) { current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; }
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont’d.) • Output the nthFibonacci number, which is current
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure • for loop: called a counted or indexed for loop • Syntax of the for statement:
• The initial statement, loop
condition, and update statement are called for loop control statements C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 24 for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.) • The following is a semantic error:
• The following is a legal (but infinite) for loop:
for (;;) cout << "Hello" << endl;
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure • Syntax of a do...while loop:
• The statement executes first, and then the
expression is evaluated – As long as expression is true, loop continues • To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a statement that makes the expression false C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 31 do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.) • The statement can be simple or compound • Loop always iterates at least once
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do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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do…while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont’d.)
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Choosing the Right Looping Structure • All three loops have their place in C++ – If you know or can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is the correct choice – If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it could be zero, use a while loop – If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it is at least one, use a do...while loop C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Sixth Edition 36 break and continue Statements • break and continue alter the flow of control • break statement is used for two purposes: – To exit early from a loop • Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables – To skip the remainder of a switch structure • After break executes, the program continues with the first statement after the structure
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break and continue Statements (cont’d.) • continue is used in while, for, and do… while structures • When executed in a loop – It skips remaining statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
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Nested Control Structures • To create the following pattern: * ** *** **** *****
• We can use the following code:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) cout << "*"; cout << endl; }
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Nested Control Structures (cont’d.) • What is the result if we replace the first for statement with this? for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--) • Answer: ***** **** *** ** *
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Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches • Software patch – Piece of code written on top of an existing piece of code – Intended to fix a bug in the original code • Some programmers address the symptom of the problem by adding a software patch • Should instead resolve underlying issue
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Debugging Loops • Loops are harder to debug than sequence and selection structures • Use loop invariant – Set of statements that remains true each time the loop body is executed • Most common error associated with loops is off-by-one
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Summary • C++ has three looping (repetition) structures: – while, for, and do…while • while, for, and do are reserved words • while and for loops are called pretest loops • do...while loop is called a posttest loop • while and for may not execute at all, but do...while always executes at least once
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Fibonacci Series #include<iostream> #include<conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { int num, a, first = 0, second = 1, next; cout << "Enter the number of terms of Fibonacci series you want" << endl; cin >> num; cout << "First " << num << " terms of Fibonacci series are : " << endl;
for ( a = 0 ; a < num ; a++ )
{ if ( a <= 1 ) next = a; else { next = first + second; first = second; second = next; } cout << next << endl; } getch(); return 0; }
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Summary (cont’d.) • while: expression is the decision maker, and statement is the body of the loop • A while loop can be: – Counter-controlled – Sentinel-controlled – EOF-controlled • In the Windows console environment, the end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z
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Summary (cont’d.) • for loop: simplifies the writing of a counter- controlled while loop – Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop is a semantic error • Executing a break statement in the body of a loop immediately terminates the loop • Executing a continue statement in the body of a loop skips to the next iteration
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