HBM Healthbeliefmodel

Health Belief
Model
HLTH 5374: Research Seminar
Mikaela Neubauer, Kenva Smith,
and Sradha Thomas

About the Health Belief Model
• One of the core theories in health behavior research

• First emerged in the 1950s
• Initially focused on cause for resistance to taking part in
disease prevention initiatives
(Abraham & Sheeran, 2015; LaMorte, 2022)
Development
• Evolved into six main constructs of health decision-making
• Over time, began to incorporate insights from disciplines such as psychology,
sociology, and public health.
• Since then, transformations have demonstrated its adaptability to changing
public health concerns.
(Glanz et al., 2008; LaMorte, 2022; van der Meer & Jin, 2020)
Key Components of Health Behavior
Model
Cues to Action Self-Efficacy
External stimuli, such as reminders, Refers to a person's confidence in

social influences, or health their capability to carry out the
information, prompt individuals to actions required to achieve a
take action. Serve as catalysts for desired health outcome and
health-related behavior by acting as maintain those actions long-term.
triggers that compel people to act.
(Jones et al., 2015)

Key Components of Health Behavior
Model
Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Benefits and Barriers
Severity
Perceived benefits refer to the
The "perceived threat," which is advantages of engaging in health-
frequently formed by the related behavior, whereas perceived
combination of perceived barriers cover potential roadblocks
susceptibility and severity, is crucial to such behavior.
in determining how people will
behave in terms of their health.
(Jones et al., 2015; Zampetakis & Melas, 2021; Karl et al., 2022)
Applications of Health Behavior Model
1 Health Promotion and
Education
The Health Behavior Model

Behavior Change 2
guides the development and
Interventions
implementation of health
By understanding the factors promotion programs and
that influence behavior, educational campaigns.
interventions can be designed
to effectively promote positive
health changes.
(van der Meer & Jin, 2020; Karl et al., 2022)

Application: Norwegian Sun-tanning
Population
• High incidence of melanoma in Norway.
• Perceived susceptibility — critical in assessing the risk of skin cancer from sun
exposure.
• Perceived severity — sun-tanning and the potential consequences, such as
melanoma.
• The more individuals perceived the severity of melanoma, the more likely
they were to engage in sun protection and avoid risky behaviors.
(Støle, Nilsen, & Joranger, 2019)
Other Applications
• Used to evaluate and create treatments for behavior changes in multiple
areas including:
• Reduction/cessation of smoking
• High-risk sexual behavior
• Oral health and dental anxiety
• Diet and nutrition
• Other preventative care
(Al-Shammary et al., 2021; Anaki & Sergay, 2021; Lin & Chen, 2021)
Strengths of Health Belief Model
• Applicable to a variety of health behaviors
• Useful for both short- and long-term behavior modification techniques
• Can be easily combined with other behavior modification theories
(Orji, Vassileva, & Mandryk, 2012)

Limitations of Health Belief Model
• Individual attitudes, beliefs, and the impact of non-health-related

motivations, environmental factors, and economic reasons may not be
properly considered.
• Assumes everyone has the same level of access to knowledge and common
cues to action.
• Integration with other models is frequently advised to develop a more

thorough knowledge of health behaviors and improve results.
(Orji, Vassileva, & Mandryk, 2012; Jones, Smith, & Llewellyn, 2014; Abraham & Sheeran, 2015)
Future Directions and Research
Emerging Theories and Models Integrating Technology in
in Health Belief Health Belief Change
Ongoing research aims to refine and With the rise of digital health
develop new theoretical frameworks interventions, there is a growing
that can better explain and predict emphasis on utilizing technology to
health behaviors. facilitate behavior change and
promote healthier lifestyles.
(Abraham & Sheeran, 2015)

Conclusion
• The theory is a major conduit for health promotion and
behavioral change .
• Use and integration with other models may result in
interventions that are more successful.
• Understanding and applying the HBM's structures will
continue to be crucial in tackling various health issues
and building a healthier more informed society.
(Abraham & Sheeran, 2015; Orji, Vassileva, & Mandryk, 2012; Karl et al., 2022)
References
Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The Health Belief Model. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting and Changing Health
Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education: eBook Collection.
Al-Shammary, A. A., Hassan, S. U., Zahra, A., Algahtani, F. B. Z., & Suleiman, S. (2021). Role of community-based measures in
adherence to self-protective behaviors during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Health promotion perspectives, 11(1),
69–79. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.10
Anaki, D., & Sergay, J. (2021). Predicting health behavior in response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Worldwide survey
results from early March 2020. PloS one, 16(1), e0244534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244534
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Part two, chapter three: Main constructs. In Health behavior and health education:
Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part2-ch3-main-constructs.shtml
Jones, C. J., Smith, H., & Llewellyn, C. (2014). Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving
adherence: a systematic review. Health psychology review, 8(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.802623
Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2015). The Health Belief Model as an explanatory
framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health communication, 30(6), 566–576.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363
References
Karl, J. A., Fischer, R., Druică, E., Musso, F., & Stan, A. (2022). Testing the Effectiveness of the Health Belief Model in Predicting
Preventive Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Romania and Italy. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 627575.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627575
LaMorte, W. W. (2022, November 3). The health belief model. Boston University School of Public Health. Retrieved October 16, 2023,
from https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories2.html
Lin, H. C., & Chen, C. C. (2021). Disease Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Self-Esteem: An
Extended Parallel Process Model. Psychology research and behavior management, 14, 123–135.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S291300
Orji, R., Vassileva, J., & Mandryk, R. (2012). Towards an effective health interventions design: an extension of the health belief
model. Online journal of public health informatics, 4(3), ojphi.v4i3.4321. https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v4i3.4321
Støle, H. S., Nilsen, L. T. N., & Joranger, P. (2019). Beliefs, attitudes and perceptions to sun-tanning behaviour in the Norwegian
population: a cross-sectional study using the health belief model. BMC public health, 19(1), 206.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6503-0
van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Jin, Y. (2020). Seeking Formula for Misinformation Treatment in Public Health Crises: The Effects of
Corrective Information Type and Source. Health communication, 35(5), 560–575.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1573295Zampetakis,
L. A., & Melas, C. (2021). The health belief model predicts vaccination intentions against COVID-19: A survey experiment
approach. Applied psychology. Health and well-being, 13(2), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12262

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Health Belief

HLTH 5374: Research Seminar

Mikaela Neubauer, Kenva Smith,

and Sradha Thomas

• One of the core theories in health behavior research

External stimuli, such as reminders, Refers to a person's confidence in

(Jones et al., 2015)

The Health Behavior Model

(van der Meer & Jin, 2020; Karl et al., 2022)

(Orji, Vassileva, & Mandryk, 2012)

• Individual attitudes, beliefs, and the impact of non-health-related

• Integration with other models is frequently advised to develop a more

(Abraham & Sheeran, 2015)

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