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    Cocomo Models

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    vedant gawade

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    Cocomo Models

    Uploaded by

    vedant gawade
    15 views27 pages

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    CocomoModels

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    15 views27 pages

    Cocomo Models

    Uploaded by

    vedant gawade

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    COCOMO Models

    Motivation
    The software cost estimation provides:

    • the vital link between the general concepts and


    techniques of economic analysis and the
    particular world of software engineering.

    • Software cost estimation techniques also provides


    an essential part of the foundation for good
    software management.
    Cost of a project
    • The cost in a project is due to:
    – the requirements for software, hardware and human
    resources
    – the cost of software development is due to the human
    resources needed
    – most cost estimates are measured in person-months (PM)
    Cost of a project

    • Cost of the project depends on the nature and


    characteristics of the project

    • Accuracy of the estimate will depend on the


    amount of reliable information we have about the
    final product
    Software Cost Estimation
    Introduction to COCOMO
    models
    • The COstructive COst Model (COCOMO) is the most
    widely used software estimation model in the world.

    • The COCOMO model predicts the effort and duration


    of a project, based on inputs relating
    – to the size of the resulting systems and

    – a number of "cost drives" that affect productivity.


    Effort
    • Effort Equation
    – PM = C * (KDSI)n (person-months)

    • where PM = number of person-month

    • C = a constant,

    • KDSI = thousands of "delivered source instructions"


    (DSI) and

    • n = a constant.
    Productivity

    • Productivity equation
    – (DSI) / (PM)

    • where PM = number of person-month

    • DSI = "delivered source instructions"


    Schedule

    • Schedule equation
    – TDEV = C * (PM)n (months)

    • where TDEV = number of months estimated for


    software development.
    Average Staffing

    • Average Staffing Equation


    – (PM) / (TDEV) (FSP)

    • where FSP means Full-time-equivalent Software


    Personnel.
    COCOMO Models
    • COCOMO is defined in terms of three different models:
    – the Basic model,

    – the Intermediate model, and

    – the Detailed model.

    • The more complex models account for more factors that


    influence software projects, and make more accurate
    estimates.
    The Development mode
    • the most important factors contributing to a project's
    duration and cost is the Development Mode
    • Organic Mode: The project is developed in a familiar,
    stable environment, and the product is similar to previously
    developed products. The product is relatively small, and
    requires little innovation.

    • Semidetached Mode: The project's characteristics are


    intermediate between Organic and Embedded.
    The Development mode

    • Embedded Mode: The project is characterized by tight,


    inflexible constraints and interface requirements. An
    embedded mode project will require a great deal of
    innovation.
    Modes
    Feature Organic Semidetached Embedded

    Organizational Thorough Considerable General


    understanding of
    product and
    objectives
    Experience in Extensive Considerable Moderate
    working with related
    software systems

    Need for software Basic Considerable Full


    conformance with
    pre-established
    requirements

    Need for software Basic Considerable Full


    conformance with
    external interface
    specifications
    Mode
    Feature Organic Semidetached Embedded

    Concurrent Some Moderate Extensive


    development of
    associated new
    hardware and
    operational
    procedures

    Need for innovative Minimal Some Considerable


    data processing
    architectures,
    algorithms
    Premium on early Low Medium High
    completion
    Product size range <50 KDSI <300KDSI All
    Cost Estimation Process
    Cost=Size_Of_The_Project x Productivity
    Cost Estimation Process

    Effort
    Size Table
    Development Time
    Lines of Code
    Estimation Process
    Number of Use Case Number of Personnel

    Function Point Errors


    Effort Computation
    • The Basic COCOMO model computes effort as a
    function of program size. The Basic COCOMO equation
    is:
    – E = a * KLOC^b

    • Effort for three modes of Basic COCOMO.


    Mode a b

    Organic 2.4 1.05


    Semi- 3.0 1.12
    detached
    Embedded 3.6 1.20
    Example
    Effort Computation
    • The intermediate COCOMO model computes effort as a
    function of program size and a set of cost drivers. The
    Intermediate COCOMO equation is:
    – E = aKLOC^b*EAF

    • Effort for three modes of intermediate COCOMO.

    Mode a b

    Organic 3.2 1.05


    Semi- 3.0 1.12
    detached
    Embedded 2.8 1.20
    Effort computation
    • Effort Adjustment Factor
    Cost Driver Very Low Nominal High Very Extra
    Low High High
    Required Reliability .75 .88 1.00 1.15 1.40 1.40

    Database Size .94 .94 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.16

    Product Complexity .70 .85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.65

    Execution Time Constraint 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.11 1.30 1.66

    Main Storage Constraint 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.21 1.56

    Virtual Machine Volatility .87 .87 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.30

    Comp Turn Around Time .87 .87 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.15

    Analyst Capability 1.46 1.19 1.00 .86 .71 .71

    Application Experience 1.29 1.13 1.00 .91 .82 .82

    Programmers Capability 1.42 1.17 1.00 .86 .70 .70

    Virtual machine Experience 1.21 1.10 1.00 .90 .90 .90

    Language Experience 1.14 1.07 1.00 .95 .95 .95

    Modern Prog Practices 1.24 1.10 1.00 .91 .82 .82

    SW Tools 1.24 1.10 1.00 .91 .83 .83

    Required Dev Schedule 1.23 1.08 1.00 1.04 1.10 1,10


    Effort Computation
    Total EAF = Product of the selected factors

    Adjusted value of Effort: Adjusted Person Months:


    APM = (Total EAF) * PM
    Example
    Software Development Time

    • Development Time Equation Parameter Table:


    Parameter Organic Semi- Embedded
    detached
    C 2.5 2.5 2.5
    D 0.38 0.35 0.32

    • Development Time TDEV = C * (APM **D)

    • Number of Personnel NP = APM / TDEV


    Distribution of Effort
    • A development process typically consists of the
    following stages:
    – Requirements Analysis

    – Design (High Level + Detailed)

    – Implementation & Coding

    – Testing (Unit + Integration)


    Distribution of Effort
    • The following table gives the recommended percentage
    distribution of Effort (APM) and TDEV for these stages:
    • Percentage Distribution of Effort and Time Table:

    Req Design, Implementation Testing


    Analysis HLD + DD

    Effort 23% 29% 22% 21% 100%

    TDEV 39% 25% 15% 21% 100%


    Exercise
    • An IT company working on defense related project.
    • As per the project requirements, developers need to complete the coding using
    C language.
    • Based on experience of similar kind projects completed in the past, and some
    innovative ideas to be used to provide the optimized solution, approximate
    number of line of coding is 350 KLOC.
    • Following key cost drivers need to be completed at appropriate level –
    – Very high level of reliability required
    – Extra high product complexity
    – System shall very fast i.e. execution time shall very less
    – Normal database size for operation of different functionality
    – Very high storage is required for real time information
    – Developers shall have very high experience in using language
    – Programmers capability shall be very high
    – Requirement of Development schedule is normal
    • Calculate efforts in person-months using COCOMO model. Also compute
    productivity, development time and average staff requirement.

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