ILS Instrument Landing System: Nithiyanantham K K

ILS
Instrument Landing System
Nithiyanantham K K
• The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an
internationally normalized system for navigation
of aircrafts upon the final approach for landing.
• It was accepted as a standard system by the
ICAO, (International Civil Aviation Organization)
in 1947.
• The ILS system is nowadays the primary system
for instrumental approach and it provides the
horizontal as well as the vertical guidance
necessary for an accurate landing approach in
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) conditions, thus in
conditions of limited or reduced visibility.
• Categories of operation minimums.
• Category I
• A minimal height of resolution at 200 ft (60,96 m),
whereas the decision height represents an
altitude at which the pilot decides upon the visual
contact with the runway if he’ll either finish the
landing manoeuvre, or he’ll abort and repeat it.
• The visibility of the runway is at the minimum
1800 ft (548,64 m).
• Category II
• A minimal decision height at 100 ft (30,48 m)

1200 ft (365,76 m)
• Category III A
• A minimal decision height lower than 100 ft
(30,48 m).
700 ft (213,36 m).
ILS Categories
There are several categories of ILS, each pertaining to how low the visibility
can be in order for the aircraft to land safely.
The categories are based on ceiling and visibility at the airport when the
airplane arrives.
Decision Height (DH) Runway Visual Range (RVR).
Category I is a DH of 200 feet and an RVR of 2400 feet.
Category II is a DH of 100 feet and an RVR of 1200 feet
Category IIIa is a DH of 100 feet and an RVR of 700 feet.
Category IIIb is a DH of 100 feet and an RVR of 150 feet.
Category IIIc is “0/0”, no visibility, and currently there are no Cat IIIc airports
in the US.
The airplane must be equipped and maintained for the various categories and
the pilots must also be trained and qualified to land in low visibility
conditions.
• Category III B
• A minimal decision height lower than 50 ft
(15,24 m).
150 ft (45,72 m).
• Category III C
• Zero visibility
• Basic elements of the ILS system and THEIR
brief description
• The ILS system consists of four subsystems:
• VHF localizer transmitter
• UHF glide slope transmitter
• marker beacons
• approach lighting system
– Description and placement of the
individual parts of the ILS system
• Localizer
• One of the main components of the ILS system
is the localizer which handles the guidance in
the horizontal plane.
• The localizer is an antenna system comprised
of a VHF transmitter which uses the same
frequency range as a VOR transmitter (108 -
111,95 MHz)
Localizer Antenna
Horizontally focused
Localizer
Localizer Antenna
Horizontally focused
Glideslope Antenna
Vertically focused
Runway Lighting
Localizer
Left of On course Right of

course course
Glideslope
Above On Below
glidepath glidepath glidepath
Glideslope
The glideslope signal provides
vertical guidance.
There are no controls for the pilot to

tune the glideslope, it is
automatically tuned when he tunes
the localizer.
The glideslope operates on the UHF

band from 329.15 MHz to 335 MHz.
Just like with the localizer, it

transmits 2 tones: 150 or 90Hz to
indicate whether the airplane is
above or below the glide path.
Marker Beacon
Marker Beacon
The Marker Beacon receiver is
fixed-tuned to 75MHz.
There is a 3-light indicator in the

flight deck which will light up the
respective light for each marker as
the aircraft passes over the marker.
There is also an audio tone which

sounds, and the pitch increases
and sounds faster as the beacon is
approached.
Localizer receiver
1)Where is the localizer antenna placed?
a) Beyond the stop end of the runway
b) Start of the runway
c) Along the runway
d) Air traffic control
1)Where is the localizer antenna placed?
a) Beyond the stop end of the runway
b) Start of the runway
c) Along the runway
d) Air traffic control
2)What is the frequency at which the marker
beacons operate?
a) 65 MHZ
b) 50 MHZ
c) 150 MHZ
d) 75 MHz
2)What is the frequency at which the marker
beacons operate?
a) 65 MHZ
b) 50 MHZ
c) 150 MHZ
d) 75 MHz
3)Localizer, Glide slope and DME frequencies are
paired to each other.
a) True
b) False
3)Localizer, Glide slope and DME frequencies are
paired to each other.
a) True
b) False
4)Which of the following is used to detect the
failure in an ILS?
a) Fail safe ILS
b) Radiation monitors
c) ILS detector
d) ILS failure system is not used anywhere
4)Which of the following is used to detect the
failure in an ILS?
a) Fail safe ILS
b) Radiation monitors
c) ILS detector
d) ILS failure system is not used anywhere
5)How many ILS systems does an airport require?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Depends upon aircraft size
d) Depends upon density of traffic on the airspace
5)How many ILS systems does an airport require?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Depends upon aircraft size
d) Depends upon density of traffic on the airspace
THANK YOU

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ILS

Instrument Landing System

• A minimal decision height at 100 ft (30,48 m)

Left of On course Right of

There are no controls for the pilot to

The glideslope operates on the UHF

Just like with the localizer, it

There is a 3-light indicator in the

There is also an audio tone which

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