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    Toxicology Introduction

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    Toxicology Introduction

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    6 views52 pages

    Toxicology Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Aima Iram
    Notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 52

    THE STUDY OF POISONS

    TOXICOLOGY
    INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

    HAZARDOUS WASTE
    START DATE:______________
    AMOUNT:__________________
    CONTENTS:________________
    HANDLE WITH CARE

    The Study of Poisons


     What is toxicology? The study of the effects of poisons.
     Poisonous substances are produced by plants, animals, or
    bacteria.
     Toxicant - the specific poisonous chemical.

     Xenobiotic - man-made substance and/or produced by but


    not normally found in the body

    Phytotoxins Bacteriotoxins Zootoxins


     Science of poisons
     "the study of the nature and mechanism of

    toxic effects of substances on living


    organisms.
     "Toxicology is the study of the adverse

    effects of chemical and physical agents on


    living organisms. “
     Toxicology is the study of how natural or

    man-made poisons produce undesirable


    effects in living organisms.
    Reversible Vs Irreversible

    Acute Vs Chronic
    (Duration of Exposure)
    local Vs systemic
    (Location of the effect
     Irreversible
    Carcinogen-cause cancer
    Mutagen-cause chromosome (gene) damage
    Teratogen- cause birth defects
     May or may not be irreversible
    Dermatotoxic – affects skin
    Hemotoxic – affects blood
    Hepatotoxic- affects liver
    Nephrotoxic – affects kidneys
    Neurotoxic – affects nervous system
    Pulmonotoxic- affects lungs
    Acute exposure Chronic Exposure

    • High Dosage (e.g. due Normally lower dose


    to accidental release The effect only
    • The effect is immediate noticed/detected
    • Subtle (e.g., cough or following long
    headache from urban exposure
    air pollution) Sometimes, the
    • Violent (e.g., worker could not
    convulsions induced recall the exposure.
    from exposure to
    certain pesticides)

    6
     Local

    Damage to the part of the body that


    comes in contact with the substance.
     Systemic

    Chemical is absorbed by the body


    and attacks a target organ.
    TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
    1. Accidental toxicants

    2. Suicidal toxicants

    3. Homicidal toxicants

    4. Stupefying toxicants
     The poisons that are accidently inhaled,
    absorbed or injected, are known as accidental
    toxicants.
     examples:

    ◦ Liquid bleach
    ◦ Methyl alcohol
    ◦ Tablets
    ◦ Contaminated food
    ◦ Animal bites such as: snake bite, wasp, etc.,
    “The toxicants that are intentionally taken,
    inhaled or injected.”
    Examples:
    ◦ Arsenic
    ◦ Hydrogen cyanide
    ◦ Opium
    ◦ Oleander
    ◦ Potassium cyanide
     These are the poisons that are used for killing
    the second person i.e. killing the opponents
    or the animals of opponents.
     Examples:

    ◦ Arsenic
    ◦ Aconite
    ◦ Croton tiglium
    ◦ Opium
    ◦ Dhutoora
    ◦ khuchla
     These toxicants are not used for killing
    animals but for other purposes. Such as
    ◦ Robbing,
    ◦ Acid throwing,
    ◦ Burning, etc.,
    Examples:
    ◦ Chloroform
    ◦ Sulphuric acid
    ◦ Chloral hydrate
    Corrosive poisons or
    toxicants

    Irritant poisons or
    toxicants
    PROPERTIES:

    1. Highly active
    2. Highly irritant
    3. Produce inflammation
    4. Ulceration
    5. Tissue and organ damage
    1. MINERAL ACIDS e.g., HNO3, HCL, H2SO4
    2. ORGANIC ACID e.g., formic acid, acetic
    acid, oxalic acid
    3. VEGETABLE ACIDS e.g., Hydrocyanic acid
    4. CONC. ALKALIES e.g., caustic soda, caustic
    potash
     This is diluted form of corrosive poison.
     It act as an irritant.
     It produces:
     -Irritation
     -Burning
     -Abdominal pain
     -Vomiting
     -Diarrhea
     VEGETABLE
    Castor oil seed
    Dhutura seeds
    Croton tiglium
     ANIMAL

    Snake venom
    Insect venom (Bees, Wasps, Ants)
     MECHANICAL

    Glass, Diamond, powdered form


    both)
    1. Neurotic toxicants
     2. Cardiac poisons
     3. Asphyxiants
     4.Dermal Toxicants
     5.Hepatotoxicants
     6.Nephrotoxicants
     Neurotic poisons act chiefly on
    the nervous system though some
    neurotics have a local irritant
    action.
     All alkaloids poisons fall into this
    group. This group consists of
    poisons that have specific action
    on the cerebrum, spinal cord and
    peripheral nerves, the poisons
    being known as cerebral, spinal
    and peripheral respectively.
     The poisons acting on the cerebrum may
    have a somniferous, inebriant or deliriant
    effect. The somniferous poisons include
    opioids; the inebriant ones include alcohols,
    anaesthetics, sedatives and hypnotics, fuels
    and agrochemical compounds. The deliriant
    are dhatura , belladonna, cannabis indica.
    SOMNIFEROUS –
     induces sleep or sleep like conditions.
     Narcosis means to induce sleep. Somniferous

    poisons refer to agent capable of inducing


    sleep. Narcotic drugs were the term employed
    to categorize these agents.
     Examples are:
    1. Opium
    2. Morphine
    3. Heroin
    4. Codeine
     Opioids act by acting on specific opioid receptors. Opioid
    receptors are μ (MU), δ (DELTA) or κ (KAPPA) located at
    spinal and supraspinal sites in CNS.
     Opioid receptors are part of family of G-protein-coupled
    receptors and act to open potassium channels and
    prevent the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels,
    which reduces neuronal excitability and inhibits the
    release of pain neurotransmitters.
     The μ receptors are important and two subtypes are
    recognized. The μ1 receptors are associated with
    analgesia, euphoria and dependence whereas μ2
    receptors are associated with respiratory depression and
    inhibition of gut motility.
     The κ receptors are responsible for analgesia at the level
    of spinal cord.
    INEBRANT
    - produces two sets of symptoms:
    i. excitement
    ii. Narcosis
     e.g.,
    ◦ alcohol
    ◦ methyl alcohol
    ◦ fuels
    ◦ Chloroform
    ◦ Ether
    Impairment of frontal lobe
    Impaired judgment

    Awkward motor coordination

    Decreased concentration

    Impaired abstraction

    Language is jumbled and disconnected

    Impairment of parietal lobe


    Depersonalization

    Abnormalities in orientation
    Impairment of temporal lobe
    Defect in recent memory

    Blackouts — lack of formation

    of new memory
    Defect in language reception

    Difficulty in understanding or

    listening
    Impairment of occipital lobe
    Impaired visual perception

    Reduced ability to discern


    object and motion (blurred
    vision)
     Deliriant are the poisons acting on the brain
    and inducing altered consciousness with
    confusion, delusions, hallucinations and
    agitation. Examples are given below:
     1. Datura
     2. Deadly night shade (Atropa belladonna)
     3. Henbane (Hyoscamus)
     4. Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa)
     5. Cocaine
     The alkaloids competitively inhibit the muscarinic
    effects of acetylcholine.
     Site of action are at all postganglionic
    parasympathetic and few postganglionic
    sympathetic (sweat glands, smooth muscles)
    innervations.
     Majority of the CNS actions are due to blockage of
    muscarinic receptors in the brain viz. vagal
    stimulation,decrease in heart rate. High doses cause
    cortical excitation, restlessness, disorientation,
    hallucinations and delirium followed by respiratory
    depression and coma
    “Effects spinal cord”
    Examples:
    - Belladona
    - Aconite
    - Dhutoora
     Diethylen glycole and methylbromide
     Brevetoxin, ciguatera, domoic acid, lara toxin,

    saxitoxin, snake and spider venoms as well


    as tetrodoxin
     As, Hg, Pb, Th and Zn
     Examples are:
     Tobacco-Nicotine, Nornicotine
     Digitalis
     Oleander-Oleandrin (glycoside),Nerin,Folinerin
     Quinine
     Aconite
     Hydrocyanic acid
     These are the agents which cause asphyxia.
     Classification
     Asphyxiants are classified as:
     1. Simple asphyxiants
     2. Respiratory irritants
     3. Systemic asphyxiants
     4. Volatile compounds
    Simple Asphyxiants
    These are the inert gases and when these gases
    are breathed in high concentration, they act
    mechanically by displacing or excluding oxygen.
    Examples are: CO, N2

    Respiratory irritants
    These agents, when inhaled cause destruction
    of the respiratory tract or lung or both and
    cause inflammatory changes. E.g., NH3

    Systemic Asphyxiants
    These agents cause systemic toxicity.
    Examples are: CO, Hydrogen cyanide gas
    i. TEAR GASES or LACRIMOTOR
     CAP (chloroacetophenone)
     BBC (bromobenzylcyanide)

    ii. LUNG IRRITANTS


     Chlorine gas
     Phosgene

    iii. BLISTER GASES


     Mustard gas
     DES- Dichloroethylsulphide

    iv. VOMITING GAS


     DPC- Diphenylchlorirosine
    Amalgam manufacturers Mercury

    Chemists Chloroform

    Dry cleaning Perchloroethylene

    Manufacturing batteries Mercury, Lead,

    Metal degreasing Perchloroethylene

    Paint manufacturers Lead, Cadmium

    Plumbers Lead
    Classification based on Origin
    1. All parts of plant are poisonous, e.g. Nerium
    odorum, Cerbera thevetia
    2. Leaves, e.g.Tobacco, Conium maculatum
    (hemlock)
    3. Fruits, e.g. Capsicum annum
    4. Seed, e.g. Abrus, Castor, Croton
    5. Stem/bark, e.g. Cinchona bark, Plumbago rosea
    6. Root, e.g. Aconite, Plumbago
     Toxic substances in plant may
    present in form of:
     • Toxalbumin (phytotoxin)
     • Alkaloids
     • Glycosides
     • Resins
     • Irritant juices
     • Acrid oils
     • Amino acid
     • Plant acids
    Conium (Hemlock)
    Lobelia (Indian
    tobacco)
    Nicotine

    Nicotiana sp.
    (Tobacco)
    Equisetum sp.
    (Horse tail)
    caffeine
    Coffea sp.
    (Coffee)
    Theobroma sp.
    (Cocoa)
    Camellia sp. (Tea)
    Morphine
    Papaver
    somniferum
    (opium)
    Sanguinaria
    sp.
    Dicentra
    (Blood root)
    Oral Mycotoxins

    • Saxitoxin • Aflatoxins
    (dinoflagellates) • Ochratoxin
    • Saxitoxin (Fresh • Citrinin
    water mussels)
    Parenteral
    • parenteral poisons, or
    venoms—those that are
    produced by a
    specialized poison
    gland and administered
    by means of a venom
    apparatus; Formic
    acid(ant)
    2

     Carcinogens: cause cancer


     Mutagens: cause mutations in DNA
     Teratogens: cause birth defects
     Allergens: cause unnecessary immune response
     Endocrine disruptors: interfere with hormones
    CLASSIFICATION TOXICITY

    EXTREMELY TOXIC < 1MG/KG

    HIGHLY TOXIC 1-50MG/KG

    MODERATELY TOXIC 50-500MG/KG

    SLIGHTLY TOXIC 0.5-5GM/KG

    PRACTICALLY NON 5-15GM/KG


    TOXIC

    RELATIVELY HARMLESS > 15GM/KG


    THANK
    YOU

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