Intro Compiler

College of Computer Science & Technology
Compiler Construction Principles &

Implementation Techniques
Dr. Ying JIN

Associate Professor
College of CST, Jilin University
Sept. 2007
Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -1-

Questionaire
• How much you know about a compiler?

• Which compilers have you used before?
• What kind of compiling errors have you find in
your programs before?
– Undefined identifier;
– Missing ……;

Outline
1. Introduction to Compiler
1.1 Programming Languages
1.2 Compiler and Interpreter
1.3 Programs related to Compiler
1.4 Design and Implementation of a Compiler
1.5 Functional Decomposition and Architecture of a Compiler
1.6 General Working Process of a Compiler for a Toy Language

Objectives
• To know
– Different programming languages and their features
– Different ways to implement a programming language
– The process to handling programming languages
– The functional components of a compiler
– The working process of a general simple compiler with
an example


• History
– 1800 ， First Programmer
（ Jacquard loom; Analytical engine; Ada Augusta ）
– 1950 ， First Programming Language
(FORTRAN; COBOL; Algol60; LISP)
– 1960 ， emerging hundreds of programming languages
(special-purpose languages; universal language)
– 1970 ， simplifying, abstraction (PASCAL; C; )
– 1980 ， Object Oriented (Ada; Modular; Smalltalk; C++ )
– 1990 ， Internet (Java) ， Libraries ， Script
(Scripting; Perl; Javascript)
– 2000 ， new specification language

• Classifications
– Functions
• Scientific computation; business; table handling; forms; strings;
multi-functional;
– Abstraction level
• Low level
– Machine language; assembly language
• High Level (different paradigms 范例 )
– Procedural programming languages: FORTRAN, PASCAL, C
– Functional programming languages: LISP, HASKELL, ML
– Logical programming languages: PROLOG
– Object-oriented programming languages: Smalltalk, Java, C++

• Definition of a programming language includes
– Lexeme
• Allowed set of characters
• Lexical structure
– Syntax
• Program structure
– Semantics
• Meaning of different structures


• Implementation of Programming Languages
– Interpreter :
Program
Interpreter Output
Input
– Translator : Language1  Language2

• Assembler: Assembly Languages  Machine Code
• Compiler : High-level Languages  Low-level Languages

• Compiler: a program that reads a program written in one
language (source language) and translate it into an
equivalent program in another language (target language).
Source Target
Compiler input
Program Program
• The status of compiler

– System software (Operating System) output
– Meta software system( 元级软件系统 )

• Comparing Compiler with Interpreter
– Similarity
• Using same implementation techniques
– Difference
• Mechanism: Translation vs. Interpretation
• Execution efficiency: high vs. low
• Storage cost: less vs. more
• Interpreter has some advantages over Compiler
– Portability: Java
– General
– Intermediate code generation is not necessary

1.3 Programs related to Compiler

1.3 Programs Related to Compiler
Editor
• Editor Absolute Machine Code
• Preprocessor Skeletal Source Program Loader/Linker
• Compiler Preprocessor Relocatable Machine Code

• Assembler
Source Program Assembler
• Loader
• Linker Compiler Target Assembly
Program

1.4 Design and Implementation of Compiler

• There are 3 languages associated with a compiler

– Source language Ls: Input
– Target language Lt: Output
– Implementation language Li: the language for developing the
compiler
• A compiler is a program written in Li, whose function is
translating a program written in Ls into equivalent program
in Lt.
Ls Lt
Li

• For different programming language paradigms, different

techniques will be applied for developing their compilers;
• In this course, focus on general compiler construction
principles and techniques on procedural programming
languages;

• There are no existing compilers

– Manually programming machine code ( 手工编写机器代码 )
• Inefficient, hard to maintain
– Self extending ( 自展法 )
• There are compilers available
– Preprocessing ( 预处理方法 )
– Porting ( 移植法 )
– Tools ( 工具法 )
• Automatic generator ( 自动生成工具 )

• Self extending
– Problem: if there is no any compiler available, we want
to develop a compiler for a programming language L;
- Solution:
- Define L0 as a sub-language of L;
- Manually write a compiler for L0;
- Make some extensions to L0, which is called L1,
- Develop L1’s compiler with L0;
- ……
- Develop Ln(=L)’s compiler with Ln-1;

• Preprocessing
– Problem: if we have a programming Language L and its
compiler, we want to develop a compiler for a
programming languageL1 which makes some extensions
to L;
- Solution:
- Develop a preprocessor: Translating L1 into L
- Use L’s compiler: from L to Target code
- For example: C++  C

• Porting
– Problems:
• source language L
• L’s compiler for machine M1
• we wan to develop another compiler of L for machine M2;
– Same source language, Different target languages
– Two ways
• Develop a program for translating from machine code for M1 to
machine code for M2;
• Rebuild the back-end of the compiler

1.5 Functional Decomposition &

Architecture of a Compiler

College of Computer Science & Technology Architecture of a Compiler
• Programming Problem
– Develop a compiler for a programming language
• Need to make clear

– What we already know?
– What we are going to do?
• Input & Output
• Data structure + algorithm

• What we already know?

– Definition of the source language (notation, structure,
semantics, rules)
– Definition of the target language (notation, structure,
semantics, rules)
– The language that we are going to use to develop the
compiler

• Functional description of a compiler
– Input: programs written in source language (source programs)
= sequence of characters
– Output: programs written in target language (target programs/code)
= sequence of instructions
– Algorithm?
• A general process of translating each source program into corresponding
target program;

• Think about “natural language translation”
– From English to Chinese
You can put your dream into reality through your efforts!
你能够通过你的努力实现你的梦
想！
General process of translation: analysis
Recognize Grammatical
meaningful translation
words Analysis

• To summarize
– Grasp source language and target language
• Words, syntax, the meaning
– The process of translation one sentence includes
• Analyzing the sentence to make sure that it is correct
– Spell, including recognizing words and their attributes
– Build syntactic structure with respect to the grammar of source
language;
– Make sure it is meaningful;
I eat sky in dog.
• Translating the sentence into target language
– Translating each syntactic parts
– Composing them into a meaningful sentence in target language


1.5.1 Functional Decomposition &
Table Processing
中中目
Source 词语语间间标 Target
program 法法义代代代 Program
分分分码码码
析析析生优生
成化成
Error Handling

Lexical Analysis Target Code

scanning Generation
Intermediate Code
Syntax Analysis Optimization
Parsing
Intermediate Code
Semantic Analysis Generation
analysis/front end synthesis/back end

• Lexical Analysis
– Reading the source program, which is actually in the form of a
stream of characters;
– Collects sequences of characters into meaningful unit, called
tokens;
• Syntax Analysis
– Reading the sequences of tokens;
– Determining the syntactical structure of the program;
– The results of parsing are represented as a parse tree or a syntax
tree;
• Semantic Analysis
– Static semantics checking, such as type checking
– Symbol table (attributes of identifiers)

• Code Generation
– Intermediate Code generation
• Intermediate representation
• portability
– Target Code generation
• Code Optimization
– Efficiency of target program
• Intermediate code optimization
• Target code optimization

1.6 A General Working Process of a Compiler

1.6 A General Working Process of a
Compiler
• Source language : a toy programming language
ToyL
• Target language : assembly language AL
• Demonstrate with an example on how a compiler is
translating a program in ToyL into assembly codes;

Toy language
• General definition
– Lexical structure
• Allowed set of characters {a-z, A-Z,0-9}
• Tokens:
– keywords : var, if, then, else, while, read, write, int, real, bool
– Identifiers: sequence of limited number of characters starting with
letters
– Numbers: integer or real
– Operators: +, -, *, /, >, <, =
– Delimiters: : , ; , ( , ), {, }

Toy language
var
int x, y;
• General definition ……
– Syntax (structure of program)
x := a+b;
if x>0 then …
variable declaration else … ;
while x<10 {…};
read(x);
{
write(x+y) ;
sequence of
statements
} +, -, *, /, ( , )

Toy language
• General definition
– Semantics
• Static semantics
– One identifier should not be declared more than once;
– Use identifiers after they are declared;
– Type equivalence in assignment and expressions;
– The result type of conditional expression in if or while statement
should be boolean;
• Dynamic semantics

• Sample program
var
int x, y;
{
read(x);
read(y);
if x>y then write(1) else write(0);
}

v a r  i n t △ x
, y ;  { 
r e a d ( x ) ;  r e a d ( y
)
;  i f △ x > y △ t h e n △
w r i t e ( 1 ) △ e l s e △ w
r i t e ( 0 ) ;  }

Lexical analysis
var ，  int, k x, ide , y, ide ; 

k
{ read, k ( x, ide ) ;  read, k
( y, ide ) ;  if, k x, ide >
y , ide then, k write,k ( 1, num ) ; 

else, k write,k ( 0, num ) ;  }

Syntax Analysis
program
variable declaration statements
type variables read-statement statements
x read-statement if-statement
int x, y
write-statement
y expression
expression
x 〉 y write-statement
0
expression
1
Semantic Analysis
x varKind int ……
y varKind int ……

Code Generation
INP(x)
INP(y)
LOAD x ， R1
GT R1, y
JUMP1 R1, L1
OUT(1)
JUMP L2
L1: OUT(0)
L2: EXIT

Summary
• Different classification of programming languages

• Definition of a programming language
• Definitions and differences of compiler and interpreter;
• Programs related to processing programming languages;
• Design and implementation of a compiler;
• Functional components of a compiler;
• General working process of a compiler;

Summary
• The problem that we are going to solve in this course

– How to develop a compiler for a programming language?
• Source language: a high-level programming language
• Target language: assembly language or machine language
• Develop a program, whose function is to translating a program
written in source language
• Principle
– Divide and conquer ( 分而治之 )
– Problem  programming task  solution  general
principles and methods


Reading Assignment
• Topic: How to develop a scanner( 词法分析器 ) ？
• Objectives
– Get to know
• What is a scanner? (input, output, functions)
• Lexical rules for C & Java?
• Originally how you want to develop a scanner?
• From textbook, how a scanner can be built?
• References
– Optional textbooks
• Hand in a report either in English or in Chinese, and one group will be
asked to give a presentation at the beginning of next class;
• Tips:
– Collect more information from textbooks and internet;
– Establish your own opinion;

Intro Compiler

Uploaded by

Intro Compiler

Uploaded by

College of Computer Science & Technology

Compiler Construction Principles &

Dr. Ying JIN

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -1-

• How much you know about a compiler?

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -2-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -3-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -4-

1.1 Programming Languages

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -5-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -6-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -7-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -8-

1.2 Compiler and Interpreter

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -9-

– Translator : Language1  Language2

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -10-

• The status of compiler

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -11-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -12-

1.3 Programs related to Compiler

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -13-

• Preprocessor Skeletal Source Program Loader/Linker

• Compiler Preprocessor Relocatable Machine Code

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -14-

1.4 Design and Implementation of Compiler

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -15-

• There are 3 languages associated with a compiler

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -16-

• For different programming language paradigms, different

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -17-

• There are no existing compilers

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -18-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -19-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -20-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -21-

1.5 Functional Decomposition &

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -22-

• Need to make clear

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -23-

• What we already know?

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -24-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -25-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -26-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -27-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -28-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -29-

Lexical Analysis Target Code

analysis/front end synthesis/back end

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -31-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -32-

1.6 A General Working Process of a Compiler

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -33-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -34-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -35-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -36-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -37-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -38-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -39-

var ，  int, k x, ide , y, ide ; 

( y, ide ) ;  if, k x, ide >

y , ide then, k write,k ( 1, num ) ; 

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -40-

variable declaration statements

type variables read-statement statements

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -42-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -43-

• Different classification of programming languages

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -44-

• The problem that we are going to solve in this course

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -45-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -46-

Compiler Construction Principles & Implementation Techniques -47-

You might also like