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    Enzyme Powerpoint

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    Enzyme Powerpoint

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    3 views39 pages

    Enzyme Powerpoint

    Uploaded by

    linzihaoleo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Unit 1 - Biological

    Concepts
    Edexcel GCSE
    Week 6 – B1e Enzymes

     1.12Explain the importance of enzymes as


    biological catalysts in the synthesis of
    carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and their
    breakdown into sugars, amino acids and fatty
    acids and glycerol.
    Starter

     Working in pairs write down as many processes


    and reactions as you can remember that happen
    in living organisms.
    Enzymes
     Allthose processes and reactions will involve
    enzymes in one way or another.
     They are important because they are biological
    catalysts.
     Biological– enzymes are they themselves
    proteins (long chains of amino acids).
     Catalysts– they speed up the rate of reactions
    so that they can occur at a temperature much
    more suitable for life to survive at. Enzymes
    remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
    Catalase – an enzyme example
     Theyhave a complex 3D
    shape!
     Theirnames generally end in
    –ase (e.g. catalase) but there
    are some exceptions (e.g.
    trypsin!)
    Remember… Enzymes are proteins

     Proteins are long molecules that are folded into a


    specific 3D shape, e.g.:

    catalase amylase pepsin trypsin


    Catalase is the enzyme which catalyses
    the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to
    water and oxygen
    Catalase
    hydrogen peroxide
    water + oxygen
    2H2O2 2H2O + O2

    The escaping oxygen causes the foaming


    How are Enzymes related to nutrition?

     TASK: In pairs find out what enzymes are involved


    in the digestion of the nutrients below and where
    these enzymes are found in the digestive tract:

    Carbohydrates
    Lipids
    Protein
    Digestion:
    Synthesis and breakdown…
     Enzymes are involved in the following important reactions:

    Carbohydrates Sugars

    Enzymes can break bonds…

    Proteins Aminoform
    …or acids chemical bonds.

    Lipids Fatty acids and


    glycerol
    Carbohydrates as an example:

     The
    basic building blocks of carbohydrates are
    monomers called monosaccharides.
     These are simple sugars e.g. fructose/glucose.
     Enzymes join monosaccharides together to form
    disaccharides (2 monosaccharides) e.g. sucrose,
    lactose and maltose.
     Orlong chains of monosaccharides called
    polysaccharides e.g glycogen and starch.
    So how do enzymes work? ……………
    The part of an enzyme where the reaction occurs
    is known as the active site

    Active site:

    Enzyme
    The molecule the enzyme acts on is known as the
    substrate molecule

    Substrate molecules

    Active site:
    The site on the
    enzyme where the
    reaction occurs

    Enzyme
    The molecule the enzyme produces is known as
    the product molecule

    Product molecules

    Active site:
    The site on the
    enzyme where the
    reaction occurs

    Enzyme
    Once the product has left the active site, the
    enzyme can be re-used
    Each enzyme is specific to one substrate molecule
    or type of molecule
     The lock and key hypothesis states that the enzyme’s active
    site and the substrate have complementary shapes.
     The substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site forming an
    enzyme-substrate complex.

    enzyme

    active site
    Complete worksheet: SB1e.5
    Summary

    New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Enzymes – YouTube

    Next lesson – practical to investigate the effect of


    amylase on starch
    Practical M01-03 B1e Enzymes and
    Nutrition
     Now you have learnt the various food tests…
     Investigatethe action on starch solution of
    amylase using the iodine test.
     Stretch (Demo): Test the starch/amylase mixture
    at the start and end of the practical, using the
    Benedict’s test.
    Explaining

     Demonstrate how starch can be synthesised from


    different substrates, using the enzyme starch
    synthase from potatoes.
    Week 7 – Enzyme Action

     B1.7: Explain the mechanism of enzyme action


    including the active site and enzyme specificity
     B1.8: Explain how enzymes can be denatured due
    to changes in the shape of the active site
    Practical M01-05 B1g Enzyme action
    Demo
     Explaining – demonstrate that enzymes are
    specific to particular substrates by testing a range
    of enzymes on a range of substrates.
    The rate of an enzyme controlled reaction is
    affected by temperature
     At low temperatures enzyme controlled reactions go
    slowly because the molecules have low kinetic energy.
    When temperature increases the reaction also
    increases as the molecules have more kinetic energy

    But this only occurs up to the


    optimum temperature

    The temperature at which


    the rate of reaction is
    fastest is known as the
    optimum temperature
    After the optimum temperature the heat causes
    the enzyme to denature

     The enzyme changes shape and the active site is no longer


    complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule
    Week 8 – Enzyme Activity continued

     B1.9: Explain the effects of temperature,


    substrate concentration and pH on enzyme
    activity
     B1.11: Demonstrate an understanding of rate
    calculations for enzyme activity
    The effect of temperature on an enzyme
    controlled reaction:

    Optimum temperature

    Molecules gain Enzyme


    Rate kinetic energy is denaturing
    Of
    Reaction

    0 10 20 30
    40 Temperature/
    50 C
    o 60 70
    Practical M01-04 B1g Enzyme action

     Investigatethe effect of temperature on the time


    taken for amylase to digest starch.
    The effect of substrate concentration on
    an enzyme controlled reaction:

    Rate is plateauing

    Rate
    Of
    Reaction

    5 10 15 20 25
    Substrate concentration/%
    Practical M01-07 B1h Enzyme activity

     Investigate the effect of substrate concentration


    on the activity of catalase
    1.11 demonstrate an
    understanding of rate
    calculation for enzyme activity
     Rates of enzyme reactions can be calculated by measuring the
    time taken for a substrate to disappear or a product to appear.
     Examples: colour change or production of oxygen.
     You can calculate the rate of reaction by either using the
    formula:
    1 ÷ time taken or the volume of product
    formed

    time taken to produce it


    Example:
     Potato cells contain catalase…
     When discs of potato are placed in a solution of
    hydrogen peroxide, they rise due to the oxygen
    produced.
     The faster the oxygen produced, the faster they rise!
    Calculating the rate of reaction

     Useyour results from practical M01-07 to


    calculate the rate of reaction for each of the
    substrate concentrations.
    The effect of pH on an enzyme controlled reaction:
     Enzymes prefer to work at an optimum pH. Outside of its pH
    range the enzyme is denatured.

    Optimum pH
    pepsin amylase

    Rate
    Of
    Reaction

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    pH
    Results
    Practical M01-06 1.10 Core Practical B1h
    pH and enzyme activity
     Investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity

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