PRESENTATION

ON
“TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN SI AND CI
ENGINES”

Presented by
PRANTIK DAM (20/119)
ANURAG KONWAR (20/120)
PRADUIT KUMAR NATH (20/126)
BIJOY BARMAN (20/127)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Assam Engineering College
Jalukbari, Guwahati-13
 INTRODUCTION
A combustion chamber is a crucial component in
various combustion systems, including internal
combustion engines and gas turbines. It's where fuel
mixes with air and ignites, generating heat and
expanding gases to produce thrust or power.

Fig 1: Combustion Chamber of SI Engine

 FUNCTIONS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER
The combustion chamber serves several key functions:

1. Fuel Mixing: It ensures proper mixing of fuel and air to

achieve efficient combustion.
2. Ignition: It provides the conditions necessary for ignition of
the fuel-air mixture.
3. Combustion: It facilitates the controlled burning of the fuel-
air mixture to release energy in the form of heat.
4. Emission Control: It helps in controlling emissions by
optimizing combustion efficiency and facilitating exhaust gas
treatment processes.
5. Heat Transfer: It transfers the heat generated by combustion
to the surrounding components or working fluid.
6. Noise Reduction: It can incorporate design features to
reduce noise generated during combustion.
7. Durability: It must be designed to withstand the harsh
conditions of combustion, including high temperatures and
pressure fluctuations, to ensure long-term reliability.
 TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN SI
ENGINES

1. T-Head Type
In this early type of combustion chamber, the inlet and exhaust
valves are placed on either side of the cylinder block requiring
individual camshafts to operate them. This increases difficulty
in manufacturing and knocking chances.

Fig 2: T-Head Type Combustion Chamber

2. L-HEAD TYPE
Here, the inlet and exhaust valves are placed on the same side
of cylinder thus allowing it to be operated by and single
camshaft. However, this increased the distance air has to travel
and results in knocking.

Fig 3: L-Head Type Combustion Chamber

3. I-HEAD TYPE
Both the valves are mounted on the cylinder head thus
providing a direct passageway for the fuel thus making it more
efficient. The two types of I-head combustion chamber are
bath tub and wedge form.

Fig 4: I-Head Type Combustion Chamber

4. F-HEAD TYPE
It has an inlet valve at the cylinder head similar to the I-head
type and exhaust valve on the cylinder block similar to the L-
head type. It’s advantages include high volumetric efficiency
and high thermal efficiency.

Fig 5: F-Head Type Combustion Chamber

 TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN CI
ENGINES

The most important function of the combustion

chamber of CI engines is to allow the injected fuel to
properly mix with the pre-compressed air in a short
time.
Compression-Ignition engine combustion chambers
are classified into two categories:
1. Direct Injection type
2. Indirect Injection type
 DIRECT INJECTION TYPE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

• Direct Injection type combustion chambers are also known as

the open type combustion chambers. In this type of
combustion chambers, the fuel will be injected directly into
the combustion chamber with the help of the fuel injector.

• There are four design variants available in Direct Injection

type combustion chambers:
1. Shallow Depth Chamber
2. Hemispherical Chamber
3. Cylindrical Chamber
4. Toroidal Chamber
1. SHALLOW DEPTH CHAMBER
Shallow depth combustion chambers are mostly used in the
heavy engines running with the low speeds. As you can see
the shallow depth chamber diagram, the depth of the cavity
provided in the piston is quite small and the diameter is large.
Due to the large diameter, there will be almost negligible
squish.

Fig 6: Shallow Depth Chamber

2. HEMISPHERICAL CHAMBER
As you can see in the hemispherical chamber, the depth to the
diameter ratio can be varied, so that the squish can be
controlled to attain better performance.

Fig 7: Hemispherical Chamber

3. CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER
In a few modern diesel engines, this type of combustion
chambers was implemented. In the Cylindrical Chamber
diagram, the shape of the combustion chamber is truncated
cone with the base angle of 30°. The Squish can be varied by
varying the depth. The swirl can be produced by masking the
valve for nearly 180°of the circumference.

Fig 8: Cylindrical Chamber

4. TOROIDAL CHAMBER
This Toroidal chamber design is mainly focused to
provide the powerful Squish along with the air
moment. As the more Squish, the mask needed on the
inlet valve is small and there is better utilization of
oxygen.

Fig 9: Toroidal Chamber

 INDIRECT INJECTION TYPE COMBUSTION
CHAMBERS

In this type of combustion chambers, they are having two

parts. One part will be located in the cylinder and the other
part will be in the cylinder head. The fuel will be injected into
the part which is located in the cylinder head.

There are three variant designs available in indirect Injection

type combustion chambers those are:
1. Swirl Chamber
2. Pre-combustion chamber
3. Air cell chamber
1. SWIRL CHAMBER
This is also known as the Ricardo Swirl Chamber. Swirl
combustion chamber consists of the spherical-shaped
chamber located in the cylinder head separated from the
engine cylinder. During the compression stroke, 50% of the
air will be transferred to this swirl chamber. In this spherical
shaped swirl chamber, the fuel will be injected with the help
of a nozzle and the combustion will be initiated.

Fig 10: Swirl Chamber

2. PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER
It consists of the Pre-chamber connected to the main
chamber. This Pre-chamber is located in the cylinder
head. This Pre-chamber volume accounts for 40% of
the total combustion space.
During the compression stroke, the air will be
injected into the Pre-chamber, the combustion will be
initiated in it. But the bulk combustion will be taken
place in the main chamber only. About 80% of the
energy will be released in the main combustion
chamber.
The rate of pressure rise and the maximum pressure attained
during the combustion process is comparatively low than the
open combustion chambers.

Fig 11: Pre-combustion Chamber

3. AIR-CELL CHAMBER
In this combustion chamber, the clearance volume will be shared
by the two parts. One portion of the clearance will be in the main
cylinder and the second portion will be called the energy cell.
In energy cell itself, there will be two parts again. One is major
and the other one is minor which were separated by the main
chamber connected by the narrow orifices.
When the temperature reaches high in the main chamber, the
combustion will starts. In the energy cell, the cell contains the
well-mixed charge, due to the heat release in the main chamber
the high-pressure combustion particles will blow out through the
small passages into the main chamber.
This high-velocity jet produces swirling motion in the main
chamber thereby thoroughly mixes the fuel with the air,
therefore the combustion will be completed.

Fig 12: Air-Cell Chamber

 QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is a direct injection type
combustion chamber?
a. Open combustion chamber
b. Air-Cell combustion chamber
c. Pre-Combustion chamber
d. Swirl chamber
2. In which combustion chamber the inlet and exhaust
valves are placed on the same side of cylinder allowing it
to be operated by and single camshaft?
a. a. T-type
b. b. L-type
c. c. I-type
d. d. F-type
3. During the compression stroke, what percentage of air
will be transferred to this combustion chamber in
Ricardo Swirl Chamber?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 60%

4. The rate of pressure rise and the maximum pressure

attained during the combustion process is comparatively
low than the open combustion chambers.
a. True
b. False
5. In which combustion chamber, the depth to the diameter
ratio can be varied, so that the squish can be controlled to
attain better performance?
a. Shallow depth chamber
b. Hemispherical chamber
c. Cylindrical chamber
d. Toroidal chamber

6. Shallow depth combustion chambers are mostly used in

the heavy engines running with the low speeds.
e. False
f. True
THANK YOU.