CH - 8 Study of Compounds - L - 01 HCL

CHEMISTRY Class – VIII
Ch_07
Study of
Compounds
HCl
Hydrogen
Chloride
Gas
Polar covalent bond
Discovery of HCl
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt

(sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the
preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen
chloride gas
Joseph Priestley prepared hydrogen chloride in 1772,

named its solution ‘marine acid’ which was later
named ‘muriatic acid’ by Lavoisier
In 1810 Humphry Davy established that it is

composed of hydrogen and chlorine, and gave the
name ‘hydrogen chloride’
Occurrence of HCl
Hydrochloric acid is found in the gases

evolved from volcanoes, particularly ones
found in Mexico and South America.
Hydrochloric acid is also found in the

digestive tract of most mammals.
Hydrogen chloride can be formed during the

burning of many plastics
Hydrogen chloride is a byproduct of many

industrial processes
General
Preparation
of
Hydrogen
Chloride Gas
By Synthesis- Direct combination
Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and

hydrogen in diffused sun light:
Cl2 + H2 → 2 HCl. (catalyst- activated
carbon)
The reaction is exothermic.
The reaction is explosive in direct sun light but it

is negligible in the dark
By heating metallic chloride with conc. Sulphuric acid
< 200 °C
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
> 200 °C
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
CuCl2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2HCl

Lab
Preparation
of
Hydrogen
Chloride Gas
Lab Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
The reactants i.e. sodium chloride and conc. Sulphuric acid
are initially slowly heated-
to control the evolution of HCl gas
The lower end of the thistle funnel should dip below the
acid in flask ‘X’ otherwise the
HCl gas obtained will escape out from the thistle funnel
Dry Hydrogen gas is collected by the upward displacement

of air. It is heavier than air.
It is highly soluble in water, hence not collected over

water.
Identification:- A glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution –

near mouth of ‘Y’ jar  dense
Reactants
< 200 °C
•Sodium Chloride- cheap and easily available

•Conc. H2SO4 – non-volatile and has high boiling point
•Conc. HNO3 not used – volatile and may volatize out along with HCl
Temperature – less than 200 °C
< 200 °C
Temperature above 200 are not used since-

> 200 °C
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
•Fuel is wasted
•The glass apparatus may tend to break
•Sodium sulphate, forms a hard crust, sticks to the glass

& is difficult to remove
Purification
Drying agent used- conc. H2SO4
Hydrogen chloride obtained is purified by passage through
conc. H2SO4
Drying agents not used- CaO and P2O5

since they react with HCl and form respective chlorides
i.e. CaCl2 and POCl3
Collection of HCl
Dry Hydrogen gas is collected by the upward displacement

of air.
It is 1.28 times heavier than air.
V.D. of HCl = 18.25

V.D. of air = 14.44
It is highly soluble in water, hence not collected over

water.
Identification of HCl
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O
A glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution

is brought near mouth of ‘Y’ jar.
If the gas jar in full with hydrogen

chloride gas then,
dense white fumes of ammonium
chloride is formed (Ammonium Chloride)
Physical Properties of Hydrogen chloride gas
•Hydrogen chloride is a colour-less gas of strong pungent and chocking odour.

•Although it is a non-poisonous, if inhaled caused burning sensation.
•It condenses at −85 °C (−121 °F) and freezes at −114 °C (−173 °F).
•The gas is very soluble in water: at 20 °C (68 °F) water will dissolve 477 times its
own volume of hydrogen chloride.
•Because of its great solubility, the gas fumes in moist air.

Experiment
Physical properties
of HCl
Experiment- HCl is heavier than air
A jar is taken in which a burning candle is kept inside.
Then HCl gas is poured into this jar, which due to its heaviness
displaces the inside air.
Loss of air, i.e. oxygen, causes the flame to extinguish,

proving the presence of HCl gas.
Experiment- High solubility of HCl gas in water
Fountain experiment demonstrates the
solubility of HCI gas in water and its acidic
nature
As the dropper containing

water is squeezed in the
flask, a red coloured
fountain is obtained.
This shows that HCl gas

present in the flask
dissolves in water due to
its high solubility.
Chemical
Properties
of
Hydrogen
Chloride Gas
Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
Combustibility of HCl
Non combustible, Non supporter of combustion
Action on indicator
Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
Action on indicator
Turns blue litmus red

Action on indicator
•Phenophthalein – colour less ( No change)

•Phenophthalein – pink ( Colourless)
(alkaline)
Thermal dissociation of HCl
> 500 0C
2HCL H2 + Cl2
Reversible thermal decomposition

Reactions
of
Hydrogen
Chloride Gas
Ammonia
Metals
Zn+2HCl → ZnCl2+ H2

Metals
Zinc and hydrochloric acid is mixed in to produce

hydrogen gas
Metals
Fe +2HCl → FeCl2+ H2

Metals
Mg +2HCl → MgCl2+ H2

Hydrochloric
Acid
Preparation of Hydrochloric acid- Lab method
Special funnel arrangement is used for avoiding back suction

Properties of Hydrochloric acid
Physical Properties
•Colourless
•Slightly pungent odour, sharp sour taste
•Corrosive in nature. Causes blisters on the skin
•1.2 gm/cc
b.p.- 109.8 0C
Chemical Properties
Monobasic nature
Acidic nature
A solution of Hydrogen Chloride in water - acidic
A solution of Hydrogen Chloride in organic solvent [Toluene]

– does not exhibit
acidic properties & is a non-electrolyte
Chemical Properties
Acid + Active Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Base  Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate/ Bicarbonate  Salt + Water + carbon
dioxide
Acid + Sulphate/ Sulphite Salt + Water + Sulphur dioxide
Acid + Sulphide  Salt + Hydrogen suphide
Chemical Properties of Hydrochloric acid


Mg +2HCl → MgCl2+ H2

Zn +2HCl → ZnCl2+ H2
Fe +2HCl → FeCl2+ H2
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Note:- Metallic oxide and hydroxide are base

CuO +2HCl → CuCl2+ H2O


Acid + Metallic Carbonate Salt + Water + carbon dioxide
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2
CuCO3 + 2HCl  CuCl2 + H2O + CO2
H2CO3  H2O + CO2

Acid + Metallic Carbonate Salt + Water + carbon dioxide
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Acid + Metallic bicarbonate Salt + Water + carbon dioxide
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Acid + Metallic sulphite  Salt + Water + sulphur dioxide
Na2SO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + SO2
MgSO3 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O + SO2

Acid + Metallic bisulphite  Salt + Water + sulphur dioxide
NaHSO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + SO2

Acid + Metallic sulphide  Salt + hydrogen sulphide
Na2S + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2S
FeS + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2S

Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dilute

hydrochloric acid to produce sulphur
dioxide, sodium chloride, sulphur and water.
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  NaCl + H2O + S + SO2

Sulphur dioxide is a soluble gas and has the
ability to dissolve completely in aqueous
solutions.
The sulphur formed in this reaction is

insoluble and present in the mixture as a
white or pale-yellow precipitate or a colloid
that gives a milky appearance and thus
makes the solution opaque.
Reaction with oxidising agent
Powerful oxidising agent oxidise conc. HCl – liberating chlorine gas [Cl2]
Oxidising agent + Hydrochloric acid  Salt + Water + Chlorine
Manganese dioxide MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Red lead Pb3O4 + 8HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O
Lead dioxide PbO2 + 4HCl → PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Potassium permanganate 16HCl + 2KMnO4 → 5Cl2 + 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl → 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 7H2O

Aqua Regia Mixture of 1 part of conc. HNO3 and 3 part of conc. HCl
HNO3 + 3 HCl → NOCl + 2 H2O + 2 Cl
Nitrosyl Nascent
Chloride Chlorine
It can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum, though not all metals
Tests
for
Hydrochloric
Acid
Tests for Hydrochloric Acid
Glass rod dipped in ammonia soln. [ NH4OH] brought near
vapours of hydrochloric acid.

Addition of silver nitrate solution to dil HCl
Curdy white precipitate – of silver chloride obtained

Action of heat on a mixture of manganese dioxide & conc. HCl
Greenish yellow gas (chlorine)- evolved
MnO2 + 4HCl conc.  MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Uses
of
Hydrochloric
Acid
Uses of Hydrochloric Acid
Industrial uses
Dyes, drugs, paints

Silver Chloride
Glucose from- starch
Hydrochloric acid is one of the substances used

in the leather tanning process.
Uses of Hydrochloric Acid
Industrial uses
HCl is used in the extraction of glue from bones.
HCl is used in pickling of metals- before galvanizing
HCl acid dissolves the

metallic oxide coating
[impurities] on the
surface
of the metal, thereby
cleans
the surface
HCl is used in the preparation of aqua regia

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CHEMISTRY Class – VIII

In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt

Joseph Priestley prepared hydrogen chloride in 1772,

In 1810 Humphry Davy established that it is

Hydrochloric acid is found in the gases

Hydrochloric acid is also found in the

Hydrogen chloride can be formed during the

Hydrogen chloride is a byproduct of many

Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and

The reaction is exothermic.

The reaction is explosive in direct sun light but it

CuCl2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2HCl

Dry Hydrogen gas is collected by the upward displacement

It is highly soluble in water, hence not collected over

Identification:- A glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution –

•Sodium Chloride- cheap and easily available

Temperature – less than 200 °C

Temperature above 200 are not used since-

•The glass apparatus may tend to break

•Sodium sulphate, forms a hard crust, sticks to the glass

Drying agents not used- CaO and P2O5

Dry Hydrogen gas is collected by the upward displacement

V.D. of HCl = 18.25

It is highly soluble in water, hence not collected over

HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O

A glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution

If the gas jar in full with hydrogen

•Hydrogen chloride is a colour-less gas of strong pungent and chocking odour.

•Because of its great solubility, the gas fumes in moist air.

A jar is taken in which a burning candle is kept inside.

Loss of air, i.e. oxygen, causes the flame to extinguish,

As the dropper containing

This shows that HCl gas

Turns blue litmus red

•Phenophthalein – colour less ( No change)

Reversible thermal decomposition

Zn+2HCl → ZnCl2​+ H2​

Zinc and hydrochloric acid is mixed in to produce

Fe +2HCl → FeCl2​+ H2​

Mg +2HCl → MgCl2​+ H2​

Special funnel arrangement is used for avoiding back suction

•Slightly pungent odour, sharp sour taste

•Corrosive in nature. Causes blisters on the skin

A solution of Hydrogen Chloride in water - acidic

A solution of Hydrogen Chloride in organic solvent [Toluene]

Acid + Active Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Active Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Active Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Active Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Mg +2HCl → MgCl2​+ H2​

Acid + Base  Salt + Water

NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

Note:- Metallic oxide and hydroxide are base

Acid + Base  Salt + Water

CuO +2HCl → CuCl2​+ H2O ​

Acid + Base  Salt + Water

HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O

Acid + Metallic Carbonate Salt + Water + carbon dioxide

Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Zn+2HCl → ZnCl2+ H2

Fe +2HCl → FeCl2+ H2

Mg +2HCl → MgCl2+ H2

Mg +2HCl → MgCl2+ H2

CuO +2HCl → CuCl2+ H2O