English Phonetics and Phonology

5A

Dr. Roslaini, M.Hum

The Topics to be discussed
 Phonetic & Phonology
 IPA Chart
 Organs of Speech
 Voicing
 The Production of Speech Sounds
 Vowels
 Segmental and Suprasegmental Features
 Consonants
 Diphthongs and Triphthongs
 The Syllables & Stress
 Approximants
 Sonorant sounds
 The Schwa Sounds
 Sibilant sounds
 Obstruent sounds
 Phonetic Texts & Transcriptions
Some terminologies of Phonetics and Phonology
 Phonetic adalah ilmu yang membahas bagaimana suatu suara bisa terbentuk
menggunakan beberapa bagian tubuh yaitu bibir, gigi, lidah, faring dan paru-paru.
Ilmu ini hanya membahas mengenai hubungan antar bagian tubuh yang menghasilkan
suara. ... Pengucapan secara voiced dan voiceless juga dibahas di dalam ilmu ini.
 Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production and classification
of the world's speech sounds. The production of speech looks at the interaction of
different vocal organs, for example the lips, tongue and teeth, to produce particular
sounds.
 The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology.
 Phonology tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into
words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a
word.
 A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech. For example – the word 'hat' has 3
phonemes – 'h' 'a' and ‘t’
Phonetic: speech organs to produce sounds
The Organs of Speech
Phonemes

 Monophthongs : vowel dan consonant

 Diphthongs: dua symbol phonetics
 Triphthongs: tiga symbol
The Production of Vowel Sounds : voiced, rounded,
back close. The air from the lung pass through the
glottis comes out of the mouth and the vocal cords
vibrating.
 Describing English Vowel Phonemes

Word phonetic Total Phoneme type

symbol phonemes
east iːst 3 phonemes i: Unrounded,
front, close

father ˈfɑːðə 4 phonemes ə Unrounded

Middle, half-
close
equity ˈekwɪti 5 phonemes e Unrounded,
front,
Half-close
are ɑː 1 phoneme ɑː Rounded, back
open
The sound produced by the interaction of vocal
organs (Consonants)
Describing English consonants
Word Phonetic Total Phoneme Type
Symbol Phonemes
pay peɪ 2 phonemes p Voiceless,
bilabial
plosive
but bʌt 3 phonemes b Voiced,
bilabial
plosive
church tʃəːtʃ 2 phonemes tʃ Voiceless,
alveolar,
affricate
12 English Phonemes (Vowels)
TUGAS 1
 Describe all of the phonemes in English Vowels and Consonants
 Send by Email to [email protected]
 Dikirim hanya hari Senin, tgl 25 Oktober 2021.
Exercises

These exercises are intended to be a framework for discussion of the points made in this chapter,
rather than being a test of knowledge and technical skills.
 Examine the following true statements and decide if each best falls into the realm of phonetics or
phonology.
The sounds in the word frame change continuously. /freɪm/
The word frame is composed of four segments.
Towards the end of the word frame, the velum is lowered.
The last consonant in the word frame is a bilabial nasal.
 Explain what a “symbol” is; how is a symbol different from a letter?
 Give four rules of the phonological system of English, other than the ones already discussed in this
chapter. Important: these should be rules about segments in English and not about spelling rules.
 How many segments (not letters) are there in the following words (in actual pronunciation)?
sit trap fish bite ball up ox
through often
Voicing: Voiced vs Voiceless
 IPA CHART
Proposed 1888 and latest Revision 1996
Today’s Topics for discussion

 The manners of articulation

 Place of Articulation
Phonetic: speech organs to produce sounds
 The manners of articulation
 Related to manner of articulation, there are two things that
you should know; they are voiced or voiceless and oral or
nasal:
1. Voiced or voiceless?
A major division among speech sounds which is relevant for
all languages is the dichotomy of voiced and voiceless. If you
put your fingers on your ‘Adam’s apple’ or ‘voicebox’
(technically the larynx), and produce a very long [zzzzzzz],
you should feel vibration; this shows that [z] is a voiced sound.
On the other hand, if you make a very long [sssssss], you will
not feel the same sort of activity: [s] is a voiceless sound.
 The manners of articulation

2. Oral or nasal?
For most sounds, air passes from the lungs, up through a long
tube composed of the trachea, or windpipe; the larynx; and the
pharynx, which opens out into the back of the oral cavity. The air
passes the various articulators in the mouth, and exits at the lips.
The velum is raised and pushed against the back wall of the
pharynx, cutting off access to the nose.
However, for three English sounds [m], [n] and [ŋ], the velum is
lowered, so that air moving up from the lungs must flow through the
nose, so the air passes through the nasal cavity instead.
If you produce a long [ssss], you will be able to feel that air is
passing only through your mouth.
Types of Consonants
1. STOP/PLOSIVE
 Ifthe active and passive articulators actually touch,
stopping airflow through the oral cavity completely for a
brief period, the sound articulated is a stop/plosive.
 For example: [p], [t], [k] consonants: plosive voiceless; [b],
[d] and [g] consonants: plosive voiced
 InEnglish [m], [n] and [ŋ] are nasal consonants. All these
nasals are also voiced.
Types of Consonants
2. FRICATIVE
 The active and passive articulators are brought close together, but not to
totally block the oral cavity. This close approximation of the articulators
means the air coming from the lungs has to squeeze through a narrow gap
at high speed, creating turbulence, or local audible friction, which is
heard as hissing for a voiceless fricative, and buzzing for a voiced one.
 For example: in English [f] five and [s] size are voiceless fricatives, while
[v] five and [z] size are voiced.
 Unlike affricates, they consists of sounds which start as stops and end up
as fricatives. The two relevant sounds for English are [tʃ], at the beginning
and end of church, and its voiced equivalent [ ] found at the beginning
and end of judge.
Types of Consonants
3. APPROXIMANTS
 It is relatively easy to recognise a stop or fricative, and to
diagnose the articulators involved, since these are either touching
or so close that their location can be felt. In approximants, on the
other hand, the active and passive articulator never become
sufficiently close to create audible friction. Instead, the open
approximation of the articulators alters the shape of the oral
cavity, and leads to the production of a particular sound quality.
 There are four approximant consonant phonemes in English: /j/
yes, /w/ wet, /r/ red (although as we have seen, /r/ may have a
tapped allophone for some speakers) and /l/ let. All these
approximants are voiced.
What is the place of articulation?

The location of the active and passive articulators determines the place of
articulation for a consonant. In English, consonants are produced at eight
places of articulation. Since we have now covered all the other
articulatory parameters required to describe consonants, introducing and
defining these places will allow us to build up a complete consonant
phoneme system for English.
1. BILABIAL
 For a bilabial sound, the active articulator is the bottom lip, and the
passive articulator is the top lip.
 For example:
/p/ pie voiceless bilabial /stop/plosive
/b/ by voiced bilabial stop/plosive
/m/ my voiced bilabial nasal
2. LABIO-DENTAL
 For labio-dental sounds, the active articulator is again the bottom lip, but this
time it moves up to the top front teeth.
 For example:
/f/ fat voiceless labio-dental fricative
/v/ vat voiced labio-dental fricative
3. DENTAL
 For these two dental fricatives, it follows that the passive articulator is the
top front teeth; the active articulator is the tip of the tongue.
 For example:
[θ] thigh voiceless dental fricative
[ð] thy voiced dental fricative
4. ALVEOLAR
 Alveolar sounds are produced by the tip or blade of the tongue moving up towards the alveolar
ridge, the bony protrusion you can feel if you curl your tongue back just behind your top front
teeth.
 For example:
/t/ tie voiceless alveolar plosive
/d/ die voiced alveolar plosive
/n/ nigh voiced alveolar nasal
/s/ sip voiceless alveolar fricative
/z/ zip voiced alveolar fricative
/r/ rip voiced alveolar central approximant
/l/ lip voiced alveolar lateral approximant
5. POST-ALVEOLAR
 If you move your tongue tip back behind the alveolar ridge, you will feel the hard
palate, which then, moving further back again, becomes the soft palate, or velum.
Postalveolar sounds are produced with the blade of the tongue as the active articulator,
and the adjoining parts of the alveolar ridge and the hard palate as the passive one.
 Foe example:
/ʃ/ ship voiceless postalveolar fricative
beige voiced postalveolar fricative
/tʃ/ chunk voiceless postalveolar affricate
/ / junk voiced postalveolar affricate
6. PALATAL
 Palatals are produced by the front of the tongue, which moves up towards the
hard palate.
 For example:
 /j/ yes voiced palatal approximant
7. VELAR
 For velar sounds, the active articulator is the back of the tongue, and the
passive articulator is the velum, or soft palate.
 For example:
 /k/ cot voiceless velar plosive
 /g/ got voiced velar plosive
 /ŋ/ rang voiced velar nasal
8. GLOTTAL
 The articulators are the vocal folds, which constitute a place of articulation
as well as having a crucial role in voicing. English has two glottal sounds.
 For example:
 /h/ high voiceless glottal fricative
EXERCISES
1. (a) Which of the following words begin with a voiceless fricative?
hang dogs cut ship chip foot zip sit
(b) Which of the following words begin with a voiced sound?
nap jug knock lot pet
jump fin

(c) Which of the following words ends with a stop sound?

nap hang jug nudge bet lamb
lots

(d) Which of the following words ends with an alveolar sound?

pot sad boss lamb lamp size hen
call
(e) Which of the following words contain an approximant consonant?
wash hall map sing sigh red
TASK
2. (a) What do the initial consonants of these words have in common?
wash let right yet wish rough

(b) What do the final consonants of these words have in common?

hop hot pass wish rough lock
scratch

(c) What do the initial consonants of these words have in common?

fish ship zip sigh house
view