Body Fluids & Circulation

BODY FLUIDS & CIRCULATION
N . TIWARY
PGT – BIOLOGY
K.V. No. 1- BHOPAL
LEARNING POINTS 1. Composition of Blood
2. Blood Groups
3. Coagulation of Blood
4. Composition of Lymph & its
Functions
5. Human Circulatory System
6. Cardiac Cycle
7. Cardiac Output
8. ECG
9. Double Circulation
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: 10. Regulation of cardiac Activity
2. Hypertension,
3. Coronary Artery Disease,
4. Angina Pectoris, (5) Heart Failure.
IMPORTANCE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Transport of gases ( O2 & CO2 )
2. Maintenance of a uniform body
temperature.
3. Transport of nutrients to the
tissues.
4. Removal of excretory products.
5. Transport of hormones.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BODY FLUIDS HEART BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD LYMPH
ARTERIES CAPILLARIES
ARTERIOLES VENULES
VEINS
BLOOD
Plasma Corpuscles
Erythrocytes Leucocytes Thrombocytes
(RBCs) ( WBCs) ( Platelets)
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Neutrophylls Eosinophylls Basophils
Monocytes Lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes B-
Lymphocytes
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
BLOOD
1.BLOOD PLASMA :- Straw coloured viscous fluid & constitutes nearly 55% of
blood.
a)Water :- 90 – 92 %
b) Plasma Proteins :- 6-8 % Important plasma proteins & their respective
functions are :-
i) Fibrinogens:- Involved in blood clotting.
ii)Globulins:- Involved in defence mechanism.
iii)Albumins :- Helps to maintain the osmotic balance.
iv) Coagulation Factors :- Remain in inactive forms.
c) Mineral Ions :-
d) Organic Compounds :- Glucose , Aminoacids, Lipids, Hormones,Vitamins.
BLOOD GROUPS- ABO BLOOD GROUPING
COAGULATION OF BLOOD
A blood clot or coagulum is formed which consists of a network of fibres
called fibrin in which the dead & damaged corpuscles are trapped.
Mechanism :-
i) An injury stimulates the platelets in the blood and injured tissues to
release certain clotting factors.
ii) Enzyme Thrombokinase catalyses the convertion of Prothrombin into
Thrombin.
iii) Thrombin catalyses the convertion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble
fibrin.
iv) Fibrins form a network in which dead and damaged formed elements
ofblood are trapped. Thus a blood clot os formed which stopps
bleeding immediately.
Rh – GROUPING – ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
FOETALIS
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS (Rh Incompatibility)
Q. What happens when an Rh negative woman
concieves an Rh positive fœtus the second time?
Rh - FACTOR
Rh Antigen is a protein discovered in the Rhesus
monkeys.
Rh Antigen is also present on thesurface of RBCs of
Human.
Rh Antigen Present (80%) – Rh Positive.
Rh Antigen Absent (20%) – Rh Negative.
If Rh positive blood is transfused into an Rh-negative
individual, specific anti-Rh antibodies are formed in
the blood of the recipient.
LYMPH(Tissue Fluid/ Interstitial Fluid)
As the blood passes through the
capillaries in tissues, some
water along with many small
water soluble substances move
out into the spaces between
the cells of tissues leaving the
larger proteins and most of the
formed elements in the blood
vessels. This colourless fluid
released out is called the
Interstitial / Tissue fluid.
Functions of Lymph:
1. Lymph contains specialised
lymphocytes which are
responsible for the immune
responses of the body.
2. Lymph is also an important
carrier for nutrients, hormones
etc.
3. Fats are absorbed through lymph
in the lacteals present in the
intestinal villi
CIRCULATORY PETTERNS
I. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :- When blood flows

through open spaces(lacunae) and
channels(sinuses) and not confined to closed
blood vessels,it is called open circulatory system.
EX. Molluscs & Arthropods.
II. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :- Blood always
flows through the heart and blood vessels.
Ex. All vertebrates, Echinoderms,Annelids.
CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
SINGLE CIRCULATION
SINGLE , INCOMPLETE DOUBLE,DOUBLE
HEART
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It consists of :-
1. Heart :- The muscular, pumping organ.
2. The blood vessels :- Arteries, veins & capillaries.
3. Blood :- The circulating fluid.
4. Lymph :- Tissue fluid.
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART
1. A blunt conical organ 12cm long & 9cm broad.
2. Enclosed in a double walled sac- PERICARDIUM,
which is filled with a fluid – Pericardial Fluid.
3. Consists of four chambers :- 2 Auricles(Atria) & 2
Ventricles.
4. Internally , the two atria are separated by Interatrial
septum.
5. The two ventricles are separated by interventricular
septum.
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART
6. The atria & ventricles are separated by atrio ventricular
septum.
7. It has an opening between right auricle & right ventricle,
guarded by Tricuspid valve.
8. The atrioventricular septum between left atrium & left
ventricle is Bicuspid/ Mitral valve.
9. The right auricle recieves inferior and superior vena cavae and
the left auricle recieves two pairs of pulmonary veins.
10.Pulmonary Artery :- two major arteries leaving the heart
from right ventricle.
11. Aorta:- Largest artery leaving the heart from left ventricle.
12. The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary
artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the semilunar valves.
The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles.
The walls of ventricles are much thicker than that of the atria.
A specialised cardiac musculature called the nodal tissue is
also distributed in the heart
A patch of this tissue is present in the right upper corner of
the right atrium called the sino-atrial node (SAN).
Another mass of this tissue is seen in the lower left corner of
the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum called
the atrio-ventricular node (AVN).
A bundle of nodal fibres, atrio- ventricular bundle (AV bundle)
continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-
ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-
ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and
left bundle.
These branches give rise to minute fibres throughout the
ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are
called purkinje fibres.
These fibres alongwith right and left bundles are known as
bundle of His.
The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action
potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is
autoexcitable..
The SAN can generate the maximum number of action
potentials, i.e., 70-75 min–1, and is responsible for
initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity
of the heart. Therefore, it is called the pacemaker. Our
heart normally beats 70-75 times in a minute (average 72
beats min–1).
3 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
• You are probably familiar with this scene from a typical hospital
television show: A patient is hooked up to a monitoring machine that
shows voltage traces on a screen and makes the sound “… pip… pip…
pip….. peeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee” as the patient goes into cardiac
arrest. This type of machine (electro-cardiograph) is used to obtain an
electrocardiogram (ECG).
• ECG is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart

during a cardiac cycle.
• To obtain a standard ECG, a patient is connected to the machine with

three electrical leads (one to each wrist and to the left ankle) that
continuously monitor the heart activity.
• For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function, multiple leads are

attached to the chest region.
ECG
• Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that
corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.
The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the
atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria.
• The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which

initiates the ventricular contraction. The contraction starts shortly after Q
and marks the beginning of the systole.
• The T -wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal
state (repolarisation). The end of the T -wave marks the end of systole.
• Obviously, by counting the number of QRS

complexes that occur in a given time period,
one can determine the heart beat rate of an
individual.
REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
• Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically, i.e., auto
regulated by specialised muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart
is called myogenic. A special neural centre in the medulla
oblangata can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic
nervous system (ANS).
• Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS) can

increase the rate of heart beat, the strength of ventricular
contraction and thereby the cardiac output.
• On the other hand, parasympathetic neural signals (another

component of ANS) decrease the rate of heart beat, speed of
conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac output.
• Adrenal medullary hormones can also increase the cardiac

output.
High Blood Pressure
(Hypertension):
• Hypertension is the term for blood pressure
that is higher than normal (120/80). In this
measurement 120 mm Hg (millimetres of
mercury pressure) is the systolic, or pumping,
pressure and 80 mm Hg is the diastolic, or
resting, pressure. If repeated checks of blood
pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over
90) or higher, it shows hypertension. High
blood pressure leads to heart diseases and
also affects vital organs like brain and kidney.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
• Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as
atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that
supply blood to the heart muscle. It is caused
by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and
fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of
arteries narrower.
Angina:
• It is also called ‘angina pectoris’. A symptom

of acute chest pain appears when no enough
oxygen is reaching the heart muscle. Angina
can occur in men and women of any age but it
is more common among the middle-aged and
elderly. It occurs due to conditions that affect
the blood flow.
Heart Failure:
• Heart failure means the state of heart when it

is not pumping blood effectively enough to
meet the needs of the body. It is sometimes
called congestive heart failure because
congestion of the lungs is one of the main
symptoms of this disease. Heart failure is not
the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart
stops beating) or a heart attack (when the
heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an
inadequate blood supply).

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BODY FLUIDS & CIRCULATION

BODY FLUIDS HEART BLOOD VESSELS

I. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :- When blood flows

• ECG is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart

• To obtain a standard ECG, a patient is connected to the machine with

• For a detailed evaluation of the heart’s function, multiple leads are

• The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which

• Obviously, by counting the number of QRS

• Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part of ANS) can

• On the other hand, parasympathetic neural signals (another

• Adrenal medullary hormones can also increase the cardiac

• It is also called ‘angina pectoris’. A symptom

• Heart failure means the state of heart when it

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