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    Software Engineering Defined and The Software Problem

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    1. Software Engineering Defined and the Software Problem

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    Software Engineering Defined and The Software Problem

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    of 15

    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

    DEFINED
    THE SOFTWARE PROBLEM
    & SOFTWARE CRISIS

    1
    WHAT IS SOFTWARE
    ENGINEERING?

    ▪ The importance of software is fast growing. For many


    engineering projects, enterprise business organization and
    operations management.

    ▪ Nowadays the software has become the pivotal tool for the
    above trend.
    ▪ Software engineering deals with software developed by
    teams rather than individual programmers. However, the
    definition varies from one author to another…

    ▪ (According to Pressman, 2000):


    Software engineering is a discipline that integrates methods,
    tools, and procedures for the development of computer
    software
    WHAT IS SOFTWARE
    ENGINEERING?

    • (According to IEEE): Software engineering is the


    application of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable
    approach to development, operation and maintenance of
    software.

    • (According to Mbam B.C , 2002): Software engineering is


    the establishment and the use of sound engineering
    principles to obtain economically software that is reliable
    and works effectively on computers.
    INSTRUCTOR & CLASS
    DEFINITION OF SOFTWARE
    ENGINEERING?

    ▪ Software engineering is the application of a


    systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach
    to the development, operation, and maintenance
    of software;

    ▪ It also involves the study of these approaches.

    ▪ Software engineering can be divided into ten sub-


    disciplines.
    TEN SUB-DISCIPLINES OF
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

    Software engineering can be divided into ten sub-


    disciplines. They are as follows:

    1.Software requirements: The elicitation, analysis,


    specification, and validation of requirements for software.

    2.Software design: Software Design consists of the steps a


    programmer should do before they start coding the program in
    a specific language. It is usually done with Computer-Aided
    Software Engineering (CASE) tools and use standards for the
    format, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

    3.Software development: It is construction of software


    through the use of programming languages.
    TEN SUB-DISCIPLINES OF
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

    4. Software testing: Software Testing is an empirical


    investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with
    information about the quality of the product or service
    under test.

    5. Software maintenance: This deals with enhancements of


    Software systems to solve the problems the may have
    after being used for a long time after they are first
    completed.

    6. Software configuration management: is the task of


    tracking and controlling changes in the software.
    Configuration management practices include revision
    control and the establishment of baselines.

    7. Software engineering management: The management


    of software systems borrows heavily from project
    management.
    TEN SUB-DISCIPLINES OF
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

    8. Software Development process: A software


    development process is a structure imposed on the
    development of a software product. There are several
    models for such processes, each describing approaches to
    a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the
    process.

    9. Software engineering tools: (CASE which stands for


    Computer Aided Software Engineering) CASE tools are a
    class of software that automates many of the activities
    involved in various life cycle phases.

    10. Software Quality and Quality Assurance: The totality


    of functionality and features of a software product that
    bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs..
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING GOALS

    The software engineering goals include the following:


    • Maintainability: Changes to software without increasing the
    complexity of the original system design should be possible.

    • Reliability: The software should be able to prevent failure in


    design and construction as well as recover from failure in
    operation. In other words, the software should perform its
    intended function with the required precision at all times.

    • Efficiency: The software system should use the resources


    that are available in an optimal manner.

    • Understandability: The should be easy to read at the


    expense of being easy to write, and not the other way around.
    It should not be technically tedious to understand.
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
    PRINCIPLES

    The key Principles that govern Software Engineering include


    the following:

    I.Abstraction: The purpose of abstraction is to bring out


    essential properties while omitting inessential detail. The
    software should be organized as a ladder of abstraction in
    which each level of abstraction is built from lower levels. The
    code is sufficiently conceptual so the user need not have a
    great deal of technical background in the subject. The reader
    should be able to easily follow the logical 14 path of each of
    the various modules. The decomposition of the code should be
    clear.
    II.Its main goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary
    details from users.

    III.Information Hiding: The code should include no needless


    detail. Elements that do not affect other segment of the system
    are inaccessible to the user, so that only the intended
    operations can be performed. There are no "undocumented
    features".
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
    PRINCIPLES

    I. Modularity: The code is purposefully structured.


    Components of a given module are logically or
    functionally dependent.

    II. Uniformity: The notation and use of comments, specific


    keywords and formatting is consistent and free from
    unnecessary differences in other parts of the code.

    III. Completeness: Nothing is deliberately missing from any


    module. All important or relevant components are present
    both in the modules and in the overall system as
    appropriate.

    IV. Confirmability: The modules of the software can be


    tested individually with adequate rigor. This gives rise to
    a more readily alterable system, and enables the
    reusability of tested components.
    SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
    PRINCIPLES

    IX. Localization: is the adaptation of software


    product to have local content and meet the need
    of the users. The breakdown and
    decomposition of the code is rational. Logically
    related computational units are collected
    together in modules.
    WHAT IS WELL ENGINEERED
    SOFTWARE?

    ▪ Well-engineered computer software can be described as


    software that does what the user wants and can be made to
    continue to do what the user wants.

    ▪ Somerville and other notable software engineers suggest


    that well-engineered software MUST have the following
    characteristics and qualities:

    I. Be easy to use
    II. Be easy to maintain
    III. Be reliable
    IV. Be efficient
    V. Provide and support an appropriate user
    interface…and user interaction.

    12
    WHY STUDY SOFTWARE
    ENGINEERING?

    Software Engineering is studied in order ….

    ▪ To acquire skills to be a better programmer: this makes


    for higher productivity and better quality programs.

    ▪ To acquire skills to develop large programs.

    ▪ It helps you to gather ability to solve complex


    programming problems

    ▪ To learn techniques of specification, design, interface


    development, testing and integration, project
    management etc.

    13
    THE SOFTWARE PROBLEM AND
    THE SOFTWARE CRISIS

    ▪ The software industry is largely interested in developing


    industry-strength software, and the area of software
    engineering focuses on how to build such systems.

    ▪ In other words, the problem domain for software engineering


    is industrial strength software.

    ▪ In the industrial-strength software domain, there are three


    basic forces at play—cost, schedule, and quality.

    ▪ Thus, at all times the software should be produced at


    reasonable cost, in a reasonable time, and should be of good
    quality.

    ▪ These three parameters MUST drive and define a software


    project.

    14
    MANIFESTATION OF SOFTWARE
    CRISIS

    ❑The crisis manifested and still manifesting in the


    following ways:

    I. Software Projects running over-budget.


    II. Software Projects running over-time.
    III. Produced Software very inefficient.
    IV. Produced Software generally of low quality.
    V. Most produced Software often did not meet
    requirements.
    VI. Most Software Projects are becoming unmanageable
    and underlying source code difficult to maintain.
    VII. Proposed Software never delivered.

    • The above issues largely contribute to the


    persisting software crisis in the World.

    • The Issues will be highlighted in this Course, and


    discussed throughout your study as a Software
    Engineer at ADUN …….
    15

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