6-Preparation of Solutions and Fertilizers Calculation

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Solution, Concentration units,

equivalent, Calculations of
Fertilizers
OBJECTIVES
 To define solution
 To define solute and solvent
 To define dissolution process for ionic and
molecular compounds
 To define solubility
 To define saturated and unsaturated solution
 To predict the solubility of molecular compounds
in water
 To use solubility rule to predict solubility of ionic
compounds in water
 To calculate amount of salt in solution
preparation with concentration units expressed
in mol/liter, normal/liter or parts per million
(ppm)
What is a Solution?
 A solution is a homogeneous mixtures of one
or more materials.
 A material that is present in smaller quantity is
called solute.
 A material that is present in large quantity is
called solvent.
 The most common solvent is WATER (Universal
solvent).
 Other solvents such as acetone, hexane,
methanol are commonly used in cleansing agent
and grease removal solvents.
 A solution is not only limited to liquid
solution.
 The atmosphere comprise gas solution of
oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and water
vapour in nitrogen gas.
 A 10 carat gold is solid solution of silver,
cuprum and zinc.
 A gaseous drink is a liquid solution of
carbon dioxide and sugar in water
 Vinegar is a liquid solution of acetic acid in
water.
 In this topic, we will focus on aqueous
solution,that is, solution whereby water is
used as the solvent.
Soluble/Non-soluble
 Sugar dissolves in water – this means that we
can solubilize a large quantity of sugar in water.
Just how much is meant by “large quantity” ?
 In science, we can use the terminology
“solubility” to determine the quantity of solid
soluble material that can be dissolved in a
solvent at a certain temperature.
 The solubility of NaCl, table salt, is 36 g for every
100 g of water at a temperature of 20oC.
 If a substance cannot be dissolved (undissolved)
in a solvent, the substance is termed as
insoluble. Many substances such as AgCl,
Hg2Cl2, PbCl2, BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 are not
soluble in water.
Miscible/Immiscible
 Miscible and immiscible is a description
of what happens when two liquid is mixed.
 Liquid such as gasoline, water and mercury
is immiscible.
 The three liquid will separate out into 3
different layers, with the most dense liquid
at the bottom.
 Liquid such as water and ethanol is
miscible. This means that the two liquid
dissolve in each other and form a
homogeneous solution (no separate layers).
Saturated/Unsaturated
 When a solution contains dissolved solute as much as the
the solvent can hold at a certain temperature and when the
solution has reached a state when the dissolved solute can
no longer dissolve (become undissolved solute), the
solution is termed as saturated solution.
 The solubility of NaCl is 36 gram/100 gram water at a
temperature of 20oC.
 Ehen we placed 40 gram of NaCl in 100 gram of water at
20oC, only 36 gram will dissolve in the water. The rest of
the salt will remain in undissolved form.
 This solution is a saturated solution.
 Solubility increases with increasing temperature.
 Hence, this means that at a higher temperature, the
solubility of NaCl is greater than 36 gram/100 gram of
water.
 If we increase the temperature to 30oC, 4 gram more of the
NaCl will dissolve in the solution.
 At 30oC, the solution contains less solute thn the solubility
limit. Thus, at 30oC, the solution becomes unsaturated.
Solubility of Covalent
Compounds
 Non-metals form a chemical bond by
sharing of electrons.
 The result of chemical bonding for the
same non-metals is
nonpolar covalent bond.
 Where as the chemical bond of between
different non-metals will result in
polar covalent bond.
 Liquids which have covalent bonds can be
classified into:
• polar
• Non-polar
 In general, "Like Dissolves in Like"
tells us the principle of solubility (i.e.
a polar solvent willdissolve a polar
solute substance whereas the non-
polar solvent will dissolve a non-
polar solute substance.
 A polar miscible liquid will mix or
dissolve in water, whereas the non-
polar liquid will be immiscible in
water.
 A polar solute will dissolve in water
whereas non-polar solute will not
dissolve in water.
Solubility of Ionic
Compounds
 In aqueous solution, the ionic compound will
separate out into ions which enables the aqueous
solution to conduct electricity.
 Any substance that can produce ions in aqueous
solution and thus conducts electricity is termed
as electrolytes.
 When an ionic compound such as NaCl dissolves
in water, the water molecules must overcome the
energy holding the ions together or break the
ionic bond, so that the ions can come out into the
solution.
 The polar water molecule will get attracted to the
positive ion and the negative ions will get
attracted to the ionic solid fraction.
Strong Electrolyte
 A substance which fully ionize in
water.
 Examples:
• HNO3
• HCl
• NaOH
Weak Electrolytes
 A substance which does not fully
ionize in aqueous solution
 Example:

H3PO4 H3O+ + H2PO4-

 Electrical conductivity increases


Non-Electrolytes
 A substance which dissolve in water
but does not separate into ions.
 Examples:
• Ethanol
• Sucrose

 Electrical conductivity does not


increase (The solution does not
conducts electricity).
Molarity
 Concentration of a solution is a measure of the
amount of solute in a specific quantity of solvent.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed
as molarity. The acronym for molarity is M and
the unit is mol/Liter. Molarity is defined as:
To Prepare 500 mL of 0.540 M
NaOH
 Weigh ? g NaOH
 Put the solid NaOH into a
250 mL beaker partially
filled with water. Dissolve
the NaOH in the beaker.
 Quantitatively, transfer the
solution to a 500 mL
volumetric flask. Fill the
flask with distilled or
deionized water till the
graduated level. Cover the
flask with a parafilm and
shake the solution until it
is well and homogeneously
mixed.
The Normality Concept

 The unit concentration is defined as equivalent number of


a substance per liter of a solution. For example, 0.5 N of
acetic acid solution contains 0.5 equivalence/liter.
 Equivalence is the terminology used to define equivalent
weight in gram of a salt of an acid, base, electron donor
substance or ions. One equivalent of a substance
contains 1 equivalent weight (g). For example, 1 M H2SO4
contains 2 equivalent weight. Thus, 1 M H2SO4 is equal to 2
N.
 Thus the relationship between Normality and Molarity is as
follows:

N = nM
where n aequivalence number per mole or the charge or
valency of the cationic fraction of the compound.
Normality = equivalent
wt/Liter

or

N= (Weight (g) / equivalent


wt. (g)) X Liter
Equivalent Weight
 Equivalent weight for acid/base is the
weight required to produce 1 mole H+
or OH-
 Examples:
• HCl - 1 equivalence of acid
• H2SO4 - 2 equivalence of acid
• H3PO4 - 3 equivalence of acid
• NaOH - 1 equivalence of base
• Mg(OH)2 - 2 equivalence of base
Equivalent Weight
 Equivalent weight for a cation in an
exchange process is the weight that
can exchange with 1 mol of H+
 Examples:
• 1 mole NaCl - 1 equivalence of cation
• 1 mole Ca(OH)2 - 2 equivalence of
cation
• 1 mole Al(OH)3 - 3 equivalence of cation
 How do you prepare1.0 L of 0.25 N
oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) FW =
126.08, if 2 H is donated in the
reaction ?
 How do you prepare 500 mL of
0.10 N Ba(OH)2 ?
Other Units of Concentratins
 % w/v
 % v/v
 % w/w
 ppm
 ppb
% w/v
 Defined as:

(Weight of solute / final volume) X 100

 Example:

32 g of NaCl dissolved in a 100 mL volumetric


flask and made up to volume with distilled or
deionized water has a concentration of 32%
(w/v)
% v/v
 Defined as:

(volume of solute / final volume) X 100

 Example:

10 mL of sulphuric acid dissolved in 100 mL


volumetric flask and made up to volume with
distilled water has a concentration of 10%
(v/v)
% w/w
 Defined as:

(wt. of solute / wt. of final solution) X 100

 Example:

2.5 g of gold mixed with other metals until the


final weight is 10 g has a concentration of
25% (w/w)
ppm
 Defined as:

(wt. of solute / wt. of final solution X 106)

 Example:

For aqueous solution, wt. of 1 kg of water is equal to


1 L, hence:

1 ppm = 1 mg/L
ppm
 1 ppm is equal to:

1 ppm = 1 mg solute / kg of
solvent
 Example:

The concentration of 1 mg of beta-


carotene in 1 kg of carrots is 1 ppm.
ppb
 Defined as:

(wt. of solute / wt. of final solution X 109)

 Example:

For aqueous solution, the wt. of 1 kg of water is


equivalent to 1 L, hence:

1 ppb = 1 µg/L
Fertilizer Grade and Fertilizer
Calculations
 Fertilizer Grade
• The numbers written on a fertilizer bag
which indicates the plant nutrients
content.
• Example : 15:15:15
• that is : 15% N, 15% P2O5, 15%
K2O
Sources of Fertilizers
Element
Fertilizer
%N % P 2O5 % K2 O Others
Ammonium nitrate
33.5
NH4NO3
Anhydrous NH3 82.0
Ammonium sulfate
20.0 24 % S
(NH4)2SO4
Urea CO(NH2)2 45

Superphosphate (SP) 20.0


Triple Superphosphate
48.0
(TSP)
Muriate of Potash
60.0
(MOP) KCl
Sulfate of Potash
50.0 18%S
(SOP) K2SO4
Element
Fertilizer
%N % P 2O5 % K2 O Others

Kalium nitrate KNO3 13.0 44.0

Calcium carbonate
21 – 40 % Ca
CaCO3

32 % CaO, 18%
Gypsum, CaSO4 .2H2O
S

Calcium nitrate,
16.0 34% CaO
Ca(NO3)2

20 – 45 % CaO
Dolomite (Ca, Mg)CO3
5 – 20 % MgO

27 % MgO
Kieserite MgSO4.7H2O
22 % S
1. Calculate the N, P, and K content in 50 kg
fertilizer with the grade of 15-15-15.
2.
N = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100

P2O5 = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100

K2O = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100

Relationship between P2O5 and P :


%P = %P2O5 x 0.436*
%P2O5 = %P x 2.291

Relationship between K2O and K :


%K = %K2O x 0.83
 How can you make a 100 kg mixed
fertilizer with the grade 10-8-8 using the
fertilizer sources Urea (45% N), TSP (30%
P) and MOP (45% K)
 Sweet potatoes require fertilization of 100
kg N, 40 kg P and 200 kg K per hectare.
Calculate the amount of fertilizer required
from Urea (46% N), TSP (46% P2O5) and
MOP (60% K2O) for a land area of 2 ha.
 One cycle of corn requires fertilization of
180 kg N per hectare. If the N source is
from (NH4)2SO4 (21% N), how much of
ammonium sulfae is required for a land
area of 1 ha?
Density and Specific Gravity (ρ)
 Density is defined as:

Density (ρ) = weight / volume

Normally the acid is supplied in concentrations of % w/w, hence


there is a requirement to calculate Molarity of this acid.

Q: The concentration of con. HCl is given as 37% (w/w) and its


density is 1.19 g/mL. Calculate the Molarity of this acid
solution?
A: Volume of 100 g HCl = weight HCl/ ρ
= 100 g / 1.19 g/mL = 84.03 mL

M HCl = (weight/mol. Wt.) / Liter


= (37.0 g / 36.5 (g/mol)) / 0.08403 L)
= 12.02 M
 Calculate the final concentration if 2.00 L of 3.00
M NaCl and 4.00 L of 1.50 M NaCl are mixed.
Assume there is no volume contraction upon
mixing.

 Calculate the Molarity of commercial of 70%,


which have a specific gravity of 1.42 (mol. Wt. =
63.01 g/mol)

 Calculate the Molarity of commercial sulfuric


acid, H2SO4 , 96%, which have a specific gravity
of 1.84 (mol. Wt. = 98.08 g/mol)
Technical Data on Commercial Acids and Bases

Solution Formula Molarity Normality Weight Specific


Weight Percent Gravity
Acetic acid
[CH3COO 60.05 17.4 17.4 99.8 1.05
H]
Ammonia
[NH4OH] 35.05 14.8 14.8 57 0.90

Hydrochloric
acid 36.46 12.1 12.1 37 1.19
[HCl]
Nitric acid
[HNO3] 63.01 15.8 15.8 70 1.42

Sulfuric acid
98.08 18.0 36.0 96 1.84
[H2SO4]
Phosphoric
acid 97.1 14.8 44.6 85 1.70
[H3PO4]
Preparation of solution by
dilution technique
 You have a 250 ml solution that has a K+
concentration of 0.10 M. How many mls of
sample would you need to add to a 500 ml
volumetric flask (final volume) to obtain a
concentration of 0.001 M?

 A solution of 10.0 M NaOH is prepared.


From this solution, you need to make
250.0 mL of 0.375 M NaOH solution. How
many mL will be required?

 2.00 L of 0.800 M KNO3 must be prepared


from a solution of 1.50 M in concentration.
How many mL of the 1.50 M are required?
Anions Solubility Not soluble
Nitrate, NO3- All -
Acetate, C2H3O2- All -
Chloride, Cl- All, except ... AgCl, HgCl2, PbCl2
Sulfate, SO42- All, except ... BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4
Salt of Group IA All -
Ammonium salt, NH4+ All -
Acid All -
Group IA,
Oxide, O2- All, except…
Group IIA (Ca, Sr, Ba)
Group IA,
Hydroxide, OH- All, except..
Group IIA (Ca*, Sr, Ba)
Group IA,
Sulfide, S2- Group IIA, (NH4)2S All, except..

Phosphate, PO43- Group IA, (NH4)3PO4 All, except..


Carbonate, CO32- Group IA, (NH4)2CO3 All, except…
Equivalent, equivalent weight

 Equivalents are useful to express


quantities of exchangeable ions in the soil
 1 equivalent is the amount of cation that
can replace 1 mol of H+
 Equivalent weight is defined as the atomic
weight divided by the valence.
 For K+ it’s atomic weight is 39 divided by
the valence of 1 is 39g per equivalent or
39mg per milliequivalent.
 For Ca2+ it’s atomic weight is 40 divided by
the valence of 2 is 20g per equivalent or
20 mg per milliequivalent
Cation charge Atomic weight Miliequivalent
(g/mole) weight
(mg/me)
Al3+ 3 27 9
H+ 1 1 1
Ca2+ 2 40 20
Mg2+ 2 24 12
K+ 1 39 39
NH4+ 1 18 18
Na+ 1 23 23
Centimol charge (cmol+)
 This is also a unit of equivalent
 It refers to the amount of charges that
cations have
 1 mole monovalent cation (e.g. Na+) has 1
mole of charge
 1 mole divalent cation (e.g. Ca2+) has 2
moles of charge
 1 mole trivalent cation (e.g. Al3+) has 3
moles of charge
 Make sure you understand how to convert
cmol+ to weight
CEC and base saturation
 The cation exchange capacity of a soil is a
measure of the negative charge of a soil that can
hold exchangeable cations
 It is expressed in unit of cmol+/kg or
mequivalent/100 g
 The basic or alkaline cations are Ca, Mg, Na, and
K
 Percent base saturation is the percentage of basic
cations held by the negative charge in the soil

% Base saturation = (Total basic cations / CEC) x


100
Practice questions
 How to prepare 250 ml of 500 ppm P from
potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)?
M. Wt of KH2PO4 = 136 g/mole)
Atomic Wt. Of P = 31 g/mole

 Prove that 100 cmol+/kg of soil is equivelant to


100 mequiv/100 g

 If the soil has 12 mg Na, 20 mg K, 36 mg Ca and


46 mg Mg, and the CEC (KPK) of the soil is 40
cmol+/kg, calculate the % base saturation
(ketepuan bes)
 The negative charge of 100 grams of soil
held 200 mg of Ca2+. Calculate the cation
exchange capacity in cmolc/kg or
meq/100g.

 Convert 40,000 ppm Ca2+ solution to M,


meq/L, eq/L, and ppb.

 Calculate the weight of CaCO3 required to


neutralize soil acidity of 20 cmol+/kg for 1
tonne of soil?
 What is 800 mg P/100 g soil in ppm?

 What is the weight of Ca2+ that produces


100 cmol+?

 If a soil was found to contain 80 mg of Ca


in 100 grams of soil, what is the
cmol+would it be?

 What is the weight of Al3+ required to


replace 200 mg of Ca2+?

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