6-Preparation of Solutions and Fertilizers Calculation
6-Preparation of Solutions and Fertilizers Calculation
6-Preparation of Solutions and Fertilizers Calculation
equivalent, Calculations of
Fertilizers
OBJECTIVES
To define solution
To define solute and solvent
To define dissolution process for ionic and
molecular compounds
To define solubility
To define saturated and unsaturated solution
To predict the solubility of molecular compounds
in water
To use solubility rule to predict solubility of ionic
compounds in water
To calculate amount of salt in solution
preparation with concentration units expressed
in mol/liter, normal/liter or parts per million
(ppm)
What is a Solution?
A solution is a homogeneous mixtures of one
or more materials.
A material that is present in smaller quantity is
called solute.
A material that is present in large quantity is
called solvent.
The most common solvent is WATER (Universal
solvent).
Other solvents such as acetone, hexane,
methanol are commonly used in cleansing agent
and grease removal solvents.
A solution is not only limited to liquid
solution.
The atmosphere comprise gas solution of
oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and water
vapour in nitrogen gas.
A 10 carat gold is solid solution of silver,
cuprum and zinc.
A gaseous drink is a liquid solution of
carbon dioxide and sugar in water
Vinegar is a liquid solution of acetic acid in
water.
In this topic, we will focus on aqueous
solution,that is, solution whereby water is
used as the solvent.
Soluble/Non-soluble
Sugar dissolves in water – this means that we
can solubilize a large quantity of sugar in water.
Just how much is meant by “large quantity” ?
In science, we can use the terminology
“solubility” to determine the quantity of solid
soluble material that can be dissolved in a
solvent at a certain temperature.
The solubility of NaCl, table salt, is 36 g for every
100 g of water at a temperature of 20oC.
If a substance cannot be dissolved (undissolved)
in a solvent, the substance is termed as
insoluble. Many substances such as AgCl,
Hg2Cl2, PbCl2, BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 are not
soluble in water.
Miscible/Immiscible
Miscible and immiscible is a description
of what happens when two liquid is mixed.
Liquid such as gasoline, water and mercury
is immiscible.
The three liquid will separate out into 3
different layers, with the most dense liquid
at the bottom.
Liquid such as water and ethanol is
miscible. This means that the two liquid
dissolve in each other and form a
homogeneous solution (no separate layers).
Saturated/Unsaturated
When a solution contains dissolved solute as much as the
the solvent can hold at a certain temperature and when the
solution has reached a state when the dissolved solute can
no longer dissolve (become undissolved solute), the
solution is termed as saturated solution.
The solubility of NaCl is 36 gram/100 gram water at a
temperature of 20oC.
Ehen we placed 40 gram of NaCl in 100 gram of water at
20oC, only 36 gram will dissolve in the water. The rest of
the salt will remain in undissolved form.
This solution is a saturated solution.
Solubility increases with increasing temperature.
Hence, this means that at a higher temperature, the
solubility of NaCl is greater than 36 gram/100 gram of
water.
If we increase the temperature to 30oC, 4 gram more of the
NaCl will dissolve in the solution.
At 30oC, the solution contains less solute thn the solubility
limit. Thus, at 30oC, the solution becomes unsaturated.
Solubility of Covalent
Compounds
Non-metals form a chemical bond by
sharing of electrons.
The result of chemical bonding for the
same non-metals is
nonpolar covalent bond.
Where as the chemical bond of between
different non-metals will result in
polar covalent bond.
Liquids which have covalent bonds can be
classified into:
• polar
• Non-polar
In general, "Like Dissolves in Like"
tells us the principle of solubility (i.e.
a polar solvent willdissolve a polar
solute substance whereas the non-
polar solvent will dissolve a non-
polar solute substance.
A polar miscible liquid will mix or
dissolve in water, whereas the non-
polar liquid will be immiscible in
water.
A polar solute will dissolve in water
whereas non-polar solute will not
dissolve in water.
Solubility of Ionic
Compounds
In aqueous solution, the ionic compound will
separate out into ions which enables the aqueous
solution to conduct electricity.
Any substance that can produce ions in aqueous
solution and thus conducts electricity is termed
as electrolytes.
When an ionic compound such as NaCl dissolves
in water, the water molecules must overcome the
energy holding the ions together or break the
ionic bond, so that the ions can come out into the
solution.
The polar water molecule will get attracted to the
positive ion and the negative ions will get
attracted to the ionic solid fraction.
Strong Electrolyte
A substance which fully ionize in
water.
Examples:
• HNO3
• HCl
• NaOH
Weak Electrolytes
A substance which does not fully
ionize in aqueous solution
Example:
N = nM
where n aequivalence number per mole or the charge or
valency of the cationic fraction of the compound.
Normality = equivalent
wt/Liter
or
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
1 ppm = 1 mg/L
ppm
1 ppm is equal to:
1 ppm = 1 mg solute / kg of
solvent
Example:
Example:
1 ppb = 1 µg/L
Fertilizer Grade and Fertilizer
Calculations
Fertilizer Grade
• The numbers written on a fertilizer bag
which indicates the plant nutrients
content.
• Example : 15:15:15
• that is : 15% N, 15% P2O5, 15%
K2O
Sources of Fertilizers
Element
Fertilizer
%N % P 2O5 % K2 O Others
Ammonium nitrate
33.5
NH4NO3
Anhydrous NH3 82.0
Ammonium sulfate
20.0 24 % S
(NH4)2SO4
Urea CO(NH2)2 45
Calcium carbonate
21 – 40 % Ca
CaCO3
32 % CaO, 18%
Gypsum, CaSO4 .2H2O
S
Calcium nitrate,
16.0 34% CaO
Ca(NO3)2
20 – 45 % CaO
Dolomite (Ca, Mg)CO3
5 – 20 % MgO
27 % MgO
Kieserite MgSO4.7H2O
22 % S
1. Calculate the N, P, and K content in 50 kg
fertilizer with the grade of 15-15-15.
2.
N = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100
P2O5 = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100
K2O = 15 x 50 = 7.5kg
100
Hydrochloric
acid 36.46 12.1 12.1 37 1.19
[HCl]
Nitric acid
[HNO3] 63.01 15.8 15.8 70 1.42
Sulfuric acid
98.08 18.0 36.0 96 1.84
[H2SO4]
Phosphoric
acid 97.1 14.8 44.6 85 1.70
[H3PO4]
Preparation of solution by
dilution technique
You have a 250 ml solution that has a K+
concentration of 0.10 M. How many mls of
sample would you need to add to a 500 ml
volumetric flask (final volume) to obtain a
concentration of 0.001 M?