MEASURING

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
METROLOGY
STEEL RULE
VERNIER INSTRUMENTS
MICROMETER INSTRUMENTS
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
STEEL RULE
 Steel rules are all narrow steel
strips with one set or more of
graduated marks
 These marks are referred to as a
scale
 The number of subdivisions of unit
of length on a rule is called
discrimination. (see figure 4.1)
 When you measure with a rule, you
use the interchange method of
measurement because you observe
both ends of the part feature at the
same time
 Measuring with a graduated rule is
commonly called direct
measurement
Figure 4.1: Discrimination
Steel rule (reference point)
 You must consider three factors when
using a steel rule
1. Which style of rule do the best job
2. Which measurement divisions (scale) should
be used
3. Which method of holding both rule and part
allows us to obtain the most precise
measurement
 These factors help us to the best
relationship among the reference point
on the part and the graduations of the
rule
Figure 4.2: The right way to use a rule
is usually easiest, fastest and reliable
VERNIER INSTRUMENT
 Vernier instrument are used most tool-rooms,
die-making and laboratory work but rarely for
modern production inspection
 They are referred to as one of the nonprecision
intruments, not for their lack of precision, but
because they lack the amplification of other
instrument
 Vernier instrument today includes:
1. Vernier caliper
2. height gages,
3. depth gages,
4. gear tooth instrument
5. protractor
How to read vernier instrument?
1. Read the number of the whole divisions
on the main scale that appear to the left
of zero (0) on the vernier
2. Read the largest numbered graduation
on the main scale that lies to the right of
the index (0) on the vernier scale
3. Read the largest whole mirror division to
the right index
4. Find the vernier graduation that mosy
exactly coincide with any graduation on
the main scale
see figure 4.6
Figure 4.6: Reading a vernier in inches
1. VERNIER CALIPER
 The simplest of vernier instrument

 Important in tool-room, die making,
model making etc.
 They provide long measurement
range (6 to 80in) and are
economical
 Vernier calipers are slide calipers
with a vernier scale attached
Parts of a vernier caliper
1.Outside jaws: used to measure external lengths

2.Inside jaws: used to measure internal lengths
3.Depth probe: used to measure depths
4.Main scale (cm)
5.Main scale (inch)
6.Vernier (cm)
7.Vernier (inch)
8.Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy
transferring a measurement
Vernier caliper (cont’)
 Vernier calipers can measure internal
dimensions using inside jaws
 external dimensions using outside jaws
 depth measurements by the use of a
probe that is attached to the movable
head and slides along the centre of the
 Clamping screw that locks the moveable
jaw to the beam can minimize error
Alignment consideration
2. VERNIER HEIGHT GAGE
 The height gage is essentially a vernier
caliper with an entire surface plate as its
fixed jaw
 The surface plate is not part of height
gage, but the height make efficient use of
the surface plate, because the gage sits
right on the plate.
 They are available in size from 250 to
1500 mm (10 to 60 in)
Figure 4.9: Vernier height gage
Height gage attachment
1. Scriber
(the most important use of the scriber is for
layout rather than measurement)
2. Depth gage attachment
(we can convert the instrument to a depth
gage with very large range, which allow us to
measure relative height differences in
inaccessible places)
3. Indicator holder
Scriber
Depth gage attachment
The depth gage attachment

gets into otherwise
inaccessible places
MICROMETER INSTRUMENT
 A micrometer , sometimes known
as a micrometer screw gauge, is a
device used widely in mechanical
engineering and machining for
precisely measuring, along with
other metrological instruments such
as dial calipers and vernier caliper.
MICROMETER INSTRUMENT
 Types of micrometer
1. Outside Micrometer
2. Inside micrometer
3. Depth micrometer
4. Others –e.g :
i. wire micrometer
ii. Screw thread micrometer
 All micrometers are based on the

relation of a screw’s circular movement
to its axial movement
Figure 4.13: Outside micrometer
caliper
Micrometer parts
 frame: The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in
constant relation to each other.
 anvil: The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the
thing to be measured rests against.
 barrel/sleeve: Also called the stock. The stationary round part
with the linear scale on it. Sometimes vernier markings.
 lock-ring/lock nut/thimble lock/Clamp ring: The knurled
part (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary,
such as when momentarily holding a measurement.
 screw (not seen): The heart of the micrometer. It is inside the
barrel.
 spindle: The shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to
move toward the anvil.
 thimble: The part that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings.
 ratchet stop: Device on end of handle that limits applied
pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque
Proper way to use micrometer
Reading a Micrometer
Advantages and disadvantages of
micrometer
Depth micrometer
Depth micrometer
 The depth gauge micrometer is a
precision measuring instrument, used
by engineers to measure depths.
 Each revolution of the rachet moves
the spindle face 0.5 mm towards the
bottom of the blind hole.
 They come in sets with different
length depth rods of different ranges
measurement
 The ratchet is turned clockwise until
the spindle face touches the bottom
of the blind hole.
 The scales are read in exactly the
same way as the scales of a normal
micrometer
Wire micrometer
To measure diameter
of wire

MEASURING

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MEASURING

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MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

 The simplest of vernier instrument

1.Outside jaws: used to measure external lengths

The depth gage attachment

 All micrometers are based on the

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