Python Programming

UNIT - I
 Python Basics
 Python Objects-
– Python Objects, Other Built-in Types, Internal Types, Standard Type Operators, Standard
Type Built-in Functions, Categorizing the Standard Types, Unsupported Types.
 Numbers-
– Introduction to Numbers, Integers, Floating Point Real Numbers, Complex Numbers,
Operators, Built-in Functions, Related Modules
 Sequences- Strings, Lists, and Tuples
 Mapping and Set Types
History of Python
History of Python
Guido van Rossum
 Python is easy and powerful because
– It has functional programming language like C.
– It is an Object-oriented programming language like C++ (not from Java)

Java came in 1995; Python in 1991

 Python is easy and powerful because
– It has functional programming language like C.
– It is an Object-oriented programming language like C++ (not from Java)
– Python is also a scripting language like Perl and Shell Scripting are.
– It has the modular programming features - just like Modula3 has.

 The syntax of the Python language in inspired by C and ABC.

Flavours of Python
 CPython - the standard flavour of Python
 Jpython - for Java based applications
 IronPython - for Windows C# applications
 AnacondaPython - for Big Data projects
 PyPy - to develop Python programs that run faster
 RubyPython - for Ruby based applications
 Stackless Python - for running concurrent programs in Python
Python 2 Vs Python 3
 Python 3 is not backward compatible: It'll not support Python2 fully.
– Python2:print 'Hi'
– Python3:print('Hi’)

– Long data type is valid in Python2, but not supported in Python3

 More libraries and packages for Python3 to make it more feature rich than
Python2
 We'll use the Python3 version in the Lab.
Interpreter
 The interpreter will transform the code from the first to the last word by word
 If interpreter find one error it will stop working raising this error
 Like Python
Compiler
 The compiler will transform the whole code
 If the compiler found any error it will continue and when it finish it will raise
all the errors
 Like C#
Python Editors
 Python IDLE
 Pycharm
 Eclipse
 Aptana
 Vistual Studio
 Notepad++
 And more
Comments
Running Python - points to remember
 You can run a single line of Python statement from the Python shell
 If you want to run multiple Python commands together, create a file, save it with the
extension .py
 Python interpreter reads one Python statement at a time, line by line; starts from top
of the file and goes line by line
 One line of Python is interpreted as one Python statement unless postfixed by
backslash \ or bracket []
 If there is any error in the Python program, the interpreter throws error; fix it
and re-
run the program.
 Multiple python statements in a single line - all separated by ;
Variable
Points to remember
 Group of characters enclosed within ' '," ", ''' ''',""" """ called a string in
Python.
 a = 40 means the value 40 stored in the same memory location where the
variable a points to. The address of this memory location is id(a).
 The variable a can be of any data type. In Python, its not required to declare
what type of data the variable will refer to.
 The value a variable points to keeps on changing - Python is dynamically
typed language.
 The Print() command prints the output.
33 keywords & Reserved words
 True, False, None
 and, or, not, is
 if, else, elif
 while, for, break, continue, return, in, yield
 try, except, finally, raise, in, yield
 import, from, as, class, def, pass, global, nonlocal, lambda, del, with
 All keywords start with lower case letter, except first three
OUTPUT:-
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue',
'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if',
'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return',
'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
Identifiers
 Names you give to variables, functions, packages etc.
Rules to follow while naming identifiers
 Valid characters in a name are:
– Numbers 0 to 9
– Small letters a to z
– Capital letters A to Z
– The underscore character _

 Names are case sensitive.

– The function f() and the function F() are different.
– The variable Total and the variable total are different.

 A name cannot start with a digit. e.g. 123abc is invalid identifier.

 No keywords and reserved words . E.g. def is invalid name as it is a reserved word.

 Identifiers can be as long as you want them to be - no length limit

 It's recommended to use short, meaningful names though!
 Identifiers can be as long as you want them to be - no length limit
 It's recommended to use short, meaningful names though!
Special Identifiers
 Private identifiers - Start with single underscore _ e.g. _X
 Strongly private identifiers - start with two underscores e.g. X
 Language specific identifiers - start with two undersores and end with
two underscores e.g X
 _X is a private identifier
 X is a strongly private identifier
 name , file , init , add etc. are the language
specific identifier used in Python; also called magic methods or
Dunder.
 the following lists all the attributes and
List of magic methods methods defined in the int class.
Data Types
 A data type, in programming, is a classification that specifies which type of
value a variable has and what type of mathematical, relational or logical
operations can be applied to it without causing an error.
Type Conversion:
 The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float,
etc.) to another data type is called type conversion.
 Python has two types of type conversion.
1. Implicit Type Conversion
2. Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion
 Python automatically converts one data type to another data type. This
process doesn't need any user involvement.
Explicit Type Conversion
 In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to
required data type. We use the predefined functions like int(), float(),
str(), etc to perform explicit type conversion.
 This type conversion is also called typecasting because the user casts
(change) the data type of the objects.
Almost all operators except the exponent (**)
support the left-to-right associativity.
Operator Description

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~ + - Ccomplement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@
and -@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+ - Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift

& Bitwise 'AND'

^ | Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= < > >= Comparison operators

<> == != Equality operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

Nested if
while True:
print("Menu Option")
print("+ Addtion")
print("- Substraction") elif (op == '%'):
print("* Multipication") if(b==0):
print("/ Division") print("Division Error")
print("% Remainder") else:
print("** Exponent") print("Rem", a % b)
print("// Floor Value")
op=input("U R OPTION:") elif (op == '**'):
a=int(input("A=")) print("exp", a ** b)
b=int(input("B=")) elif(op=='//'):
if(op=='+'): if (b == 0):
print("Sum",a+b) print("Division Error")
elif(op=='-'): else:
print("Sub", a - b) print("floor div:",
elif (op == '*'): a//b)
print("MUL", a * b) else:
elif (op == '/'): print("Invalid Option Try Again")
if(b==0): if op=='#':
print("Division Error") break;
else:
print("div", a / b)
 Built-in function range()
 A for loop is often used in combination with the built-in function
range() function to execute a block of code a specified number of
times.
 The range function generates a sequence of integers.

• range(n) generates the sequence 0, ..., n-1

• range(i, n)generates the sequence i, i+1, i+2, …, n-1
• range(i, n, c)generates the sequence i, i+c, i+2c, i+3c, …, n-1
pip3 install numpy
 OUTPUT

OUTPUT
OUTPUT
General format: >>> a = b = 0
while <test1>: # loop test >>> while a < 10:
<statements1> # loop ... a += 3
else: body ... print(a)
<statemen # optional ...
ts2> else 3
# run if 6
loop didn't 9
break
12
# run if
while >>> while True:
becomes ... b += 3
false ... if b >= 10: break
... print(b)
3
6
9
>>> a = 0
>>> while a < 5: a +=1
>>> print a
5
 >>> for i in [2, 5, 3]:
for <target> in <object>:
<statements> ... print(i**2)
else: # optional, didn't hit a break 4
<other statements> 25
9
>>> for j in range(5): print(j)
0
1
2
3
4
>>> range(3, 10, 2)
[3,5,7,9]
>>> d = {'this': 2, 'that': 7}
>>> for k, v in d.items():
... print('%s is %i'%(k, v))
this is 2
that is 7
 Auxiliary Statements if while for

elif •
else • • •
break • •
continue • •
pass • • •

Note:- pass is valid anywhere a suite (single or multiple statements) is required (also
includes elif, else, class, def, Try, except, finally).
Function
 Syntax:
Default Arguments
 Function Description
Display attributes of object or the names of global variables if
dir([obj])
noparameter given
Display object's documentation string in a pretty-printed format
help([obj]) or enters interactive help if no parameter given
int(obj) Convert object to an integer
len(obj) Return length of object
open(fn, mode) Open file fn with mode ('r' = read, 'w' = write)
Return a list of integers that begin at start up to but not
range(start, stop, step) including stop in increments of step; start defaults to 0, and step
defaults to 1
Wait for text input from the user, optional prompt string can be
raw_input(str)
provided
str(obj) Convert object to a string
type(obj) Return type of object (a type object itself!)