Abobloodgroupsystem 170121130000

ABO BLOOD
GROUP
SYSTEM &
genetics
ABO BLOOD GROUP
❑SYSTEM
The ABO blood group system is the most
important blood group system in human
blood transfusion.
❑ Found on platelets, epithelium and cells other
than erythrocytes, AB antigens can also cause an
adverse immune response to organ transplantation. The
associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are
usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first
years of life by sensitization to environmental
substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses.
ABO blood group antigens present on
red blood cells
● HISTORY
➢ KARL LANDSTEINER discovered the
ABO Blood Group System in 1901.
➢He and five co-workers began

mixing each others red blood cells
and serum together and
accidentally performed the
first forward and reverse ABO
groupings.
LANDSTEINER’S LAW
a) If an agglutinogen is present on red blood

cell membrane, the corresponding
agglutinin must be absent in the plasma.
b) If an agglutinogen is absent on red blood

cell membrane, then the corresponding
agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
IMPO R T A N C E O F
A BO
There are two principles-
1) Almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6 months of

age have “ naturally occurring Abs” to the ABO Ags that
they lack.
These Abs termed naturally occurring because they
were thought to arise without antigenic stimulation.
2) These “naturally occurring” Abs are mostly IgM
class. That means that, they are antibodies
capable of agglutinating saline/ low protein
suspended red cell without enhancement and may
activate complement cascade.
* *
BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES
ON CELL IN PLASMA
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B none
O None Anti-A and B

A B O TYPING
❖ ABO typing involves both antigen typing and antibody
detection. The antigen typing is referred to as
the forward typing and the antibody
detection is the reverse typing
● The forward typing determines antigens on patient's
or donor's cells
a.Cells are tested with the antisera reagents anti- A, anti-B,
(and in the case of donor cells anti-A,B)
b.Reagents are either made from hyper immunized
human sources, or monoclonal antibodies.
c.One advantages of the monoclonal antibodies are the
antibody strength.
FORWARD TYPING
R E A C T I O N S OF CELLS TEST ED W I T H RED CELL A B O
GROUP
A N TI-A A N TI-
B
0 0 O
+ 0 A
0 + B
+ + AB
● The reverse typing determines antibodies in
patient’s or donor’s cells.
a. Serum tested with reagent A1 cells and B cells
b. Reverse grouping is also known as backtyping or
serum confirmation
REVERSE TYPING
R E A C T I O N S OF S ER U M TEST ED REVERSE A B O G R O U P
AGAINST
A1 Cells B
Cells
O
+
+ A
0 B
+
AB
+
0
ABO GENE &
GENETICS
❑ The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO
gene) with three types of alleles i, IA, and IB.
❑ The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another
term for antigen.
❑ The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase .
❑ The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth
chromosome (9q34)
❑ IA allele gives type A, IB gives type B, i gives type
❑ O.
OI group
A and IB are dominant over i.
❑ : Only ii AB group :
❑ A group : IA IA
IAIB
or IAIAi IB people have both phenotypes,
❑ because A and B
: IBIB or IB i co dominance,
B grouprelationship:
express a special dominance
which means that type A and B parents can have an AB
child.
A and B
are co
dominan
t giving
the A B
phenotyp
.e
BLOOD GROUP
INHERITANCE
ABO ANITGEN GENETICS
●The presence or absence of the ABH
antigens on the red blood cell membrane
is controlled by the H gene
●• The presence or absence of the
ABH antigens in secretions is
indirectly controlled by the Se gene
●• H gene – H and h alleles (h is an
amorph)
●• Se gene – Se and se alleles (se is an
amorph)
BOMBAY GROUP
● The h/h blood group, also known as Oh[ or
the Bombay blood group, is a rare blood
type. This blood [phenotype] was first
discovered in Bombay, now known
as Mumbai, in India, by Dr. Y.M.Bhende in
1952.
● TheHh blood group contains one antigen, the

H antigen, which is found on virtually all
RBCs and is the building block for the
production of the antigens within the ABO
blood group.
H antigen deficiency is known as the "Bombay
phenotype" (h/h, also known as Oh) and is
found in 1 of 10,000 individuals in India and 1
in a million people in Europe. There is no ill
effect with being H deficient, but if a blood
transfusion is ever needed, people with this
blood type can receive blood only from other
donors who are also H deficient. (A transfusion
of "normal" group O blood can trigger a severe
transfusion reaction.)
● The peculiarity is that they do not express the
H antigen. As a result they cannot form A
antigens or B antigens on their red blood
cells. Thus they can donate blood to anyone.
RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
o The Rh blood group system (including
the Rh factor) is one of thirty-five
current human blood group systems. It is the
second most important blood group system,
after ABO.
o Rh derives from rhesus and the terms
rŁ e s us b lo o d g ro up
s y s te m , rŁ e s us fa c to r, rŁ e s us
p o s itiv e and rŁ e s us
ne g a tiv e are also used.
o Rh is a blood group system with many
RH (D) ANTIGEN
●Unlike the ABO blood group system,
individuals who lack the D antigen do
not naturally make it.
●Production of antibody to D requires
exposure to the antigen.
●The D antigen is very immunogenic,
i.e, individuals exposed to it will very
likely make an antibody to it.
●For this reason all individuals are
typed for D, if negative must receive
Rh (D) negative blood.
RH (D) ANTIGEN
{CONTINUED}
●The most important patient population to
consider is females of child-bearing age.
●If immunized to Rh (D) antigen the
antibody can cross the placenta and
destroy Rh (D) positive fetal cells
resulting in death.
●This is why Rh negative women are
given Rhogam after birth of Rh
positive baby.
THANKYO U
.

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ABO BLOOD

➢He and five co-workers began

a) If an agglutinogen is present on red blood

b) If an agglutinogen is absent on red blood

1) Almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6 months of

O None Anti-A and B

● TheHh blood group contains one antigen, the

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