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    Respiratory System (Lower)

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    Respiratory System (Lower)

    Uploaded by

    ssnow3605
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    2 views37 pages

    Respiratory System (Lower)

    Uploaded by

    ssnow3605

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    RESPIRATORY

    SYSTEM
    Dr. Ali K. Hamad
    Department of Anatomy
    2023
    Objectives
    At the end of this session all students should be
    able to:
    • Describe the changes in the type of epithelium
    throughout the lower respiratory system.
    • Identify the clinical application of lower
    respiratory system.
    Lower respiratory system
    Some basic structural organization along
    Respiratory System
    Bronchial Tree
    Histology of Bronchial Tree
    • Cartilage
    – Rings, plates, disappears
    – Begins in bronchi, more prominent in
    bronchioles, then disappears
    • Epithelium
    – Pseudostratified, simple columnar, cuboidal,
    squamous
    Bronchi
    • Most cartilage rings completely encircle
    lumen
    • Cartilage rings are gradually replaced with
    isolated plates of hyaline cartilage
    • Epithelium: ciliated pseudostratified
    columnar
    • Mucous and serous glands present, with ducts
    opening into bronchial lumen
    • Lamina propria contains smooth muscle
    Bronchioles
    • Intralobular airways with diameters of 5 mm
    or less
    • Neither cartilage nor glands in their mucosa
    • Pseudostratified, simple columnar,
    cuboidal, squamous
    • Goblet cells replaced by Clara cells
    Clinical Application
    • Asthma
    Respiratory Bronchioles
    • Regions of transition between conducting and
    respiratory portions
    • Walls are interrupted by openings of alveoli
    • Lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelial
    • Rim of the alveolar openings becomes
    continuous with squamous alveolar lining
    cells
    • Smooth muscle lie beneath epithelium
    Alveolar Ducts
    • Distally along respiratory bronchioles
    • Branch into tubes called alveolar ducts
    • Lined with extremely squamous alveolar cells
    • Smooth muscle cells disappears at distal ends
    of alveolar ducts
    Alveoli
    • The alveolar composed of the following cells:
    – Type 1 pneumocytes (membranous)
    – Type 2 pneumocytes (granular)
    – Macrophages (dust cell)
    • Type 1 pneumocytes
    – flattened cells covering about 97% of
    alveolar surface lining but they represent
    only 40% of total cellular count in alveoli.
    – Squamous cell type
    • Type 2 pneumocytes
    – Exhibit secretory characteristics and are
    responsible for production of surfactant.
    – Their cytoplasm contains lamellar bodies
    with surfactant
    – Cuboidal cell type
    • Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
    – Located in septa, often contain phagocytized
    material
    – Act to clean fine inhaled debris from the
    alveolar free surface of cells by
    endocytosing particles.
    Alveolar walls
    Blood- air barrier
    • Composed of type 1 pneumocyte, basal
    membrane and endothelial cell lining the
    capillary.
    • Most important structure in the alveolar
    septum
    • It enables the gas exchange.
    • Oxygen molecules diffuse from alveoli to the
    blood and carbon dioxide in the opposite
    direction
    Clinical application:
    • Emphysema
    – Chronic lung disease most commonly caused by
    cigarette smoking
    – Involves dilation and permanent enlargement of
    the bronchioles leading to pulmonary acini
    – Accompanying loss of cells in the alveoli and
    other parts of the airway walls
    – Lleading to an irreversible loss of respiratory
    function.
    Summary
    Respiratory part Type of epithelium
    Nasal cavity Stratified squamous keratinized, non keratinized ,
    respiratory, olfactory
    Nasopharynx and Respiratory and stratified squamous
    posterior
    oropharynx
    larynx Respiratory and stratified squamous
    trachea Respiratory
    bronchi respiratory
    bronchioles Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar with Clara
    cells
    Alveolar duct and Simple cuboidal
    sacs
    alveoli Type 1 pneumocytes (squamous), type 2
    pneumocytes (cuboidal)

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