DOORS AND WINDOWS

 Definition and Function

• Definition of door :
– A door may be defined as “an open able barrier or as a
framework of wood, steel , aluminum, glass or a
combination of these materials secured in a wall opening”.

Functions of a door :
• Entry and exit
• Weather control (Controlled temperature)
• Acoustical control (Sound or noise control)
• Physical safety
• Privacy
 Location of door in a building:

• It should preferably be located at the corner of the room, nearly 20

cm from corner.

• If in a room, more than 2 doors are there, they shall be located facing

each other.

• The number of doors should be kept as low as possible (For Economy)

• It should meet the functional requirement of the building.

 Components of a door:
a) Door frame b) Door shutter

Door frame HORN HEAD

JAMB/POST
REBATE

HOLDFAST

F.L.
Door shutter
TOP RAIL

FRIEZE RAIL

STILE
INTERMEDIATE
RAILS

PANEL

BOTTOM RAIL
Technical Terms Related to a Door:

Frame: It is an assembly of horizontal and

vertical members, forming an enclosure, to
which the shutters are fixed.

Shutters: These are the open able parts of a

door or window.
Technical Terms: (Parts of a Frame)
• Head The main horizontal member forming the top of the window
or door frame.

• Sill The main horizontal member forming the bottom of the frame
of a window or door.
• Jamb The main vertical members forming the sides of a window
or door frame.

• Horn These are the horizontal projections of a frame.

• Rebate It is the depression or recess made inside the door frame

to receive the door shutter.
 DOOR FRAME

• A door frame is an assembly of horizontal and vertical

members forming an enclosure to which door shutters are
fixed
• The vertical members are known as jambs or posts.
• The top horizontal member is known as head.
• The horizontal projections of the head are known as horns.
• A rebate cut of about 12 mm is provided all-round the frame
to receive door shutter.
 SIZES OF DOORS

The common width-height relations used:

 Width = 0.4 – 0.6 Height
 Height = (width +1.2)m
General sizes used:
a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0 m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0 m
Bath & WC – 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0 m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25 m
b) Public
1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25 m
 DOOR FRAMES
• Material for frames • Material for shutter

– Timber – Timber

– Steel – Plywood

– Aluminum – Glass

– Concrete

– Stone
 Types of Doors
– On the basis of working operations
1. Hinged doors
2. Revolving doors
3. Sliding doors
4. Swing doors
5. Folded door
6. Collapsible doors
7. Rolling shutter
8. Battened type
9. Glazed/Sash
10. Flushed
11. Louvered
12. Wire gauged doors
 Hinged doors

• Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot
away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other.
The axis of rotation is usually vertical.
• Advantages:
• The most common door type. It is a simple & rigid.
• Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and
cleaning, they are not expensive, and have an excellent
insulating ability.
Disadvantage:
• However, they take up precious room space to swing in.
 Revolving doors
• A revolving door normally has four wings/leaves that
hang on a center shaft and rotate one way about a
vertical axis within a round enclosure.

• People can walk out of and into the building at the

same time.

• The door closes automatically when not in use.

 Such types are provided in public buildings, like

banks, museums, hotels, offices etc.
 Sliding doors

• In these doors, the shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the help of
runners and rails.
• Sliding doors move along metal, wood, or vinyl tracks fitted into their frames at
the top and bottom. To ease their movement, sliding doors often have plastic
rollers attached to the top and bottom or to the bottom only.
• Such doors are very popular for use for the entrances to commercial structures
and also in residential buildings for aesthetic considerations.
 Swing doors
• The shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action hinges.
• The hinges permits the shutter to move both ways, inward as well
as outward.
• To open the door, a slight push is made and the spring action brings
the shutter in closed position.
The return of the shutter is with force and thus, the door shall be
either fully glazed Or provided with a peep hole at eye level, to
avoid accidents.
 Folded doors
• Made of many narrow vertical strips or creases that fold back to back into
a compact bundle when doors are pushed open.
• These doors save space as they do not swing out of the door opening,
though their sound and weather isolation is poor.
• Folding doors are usually pretty noisy, and considered not so durable.
 Collapsible Door
 Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public buildings etc. to provide
increased safety and protection to property.
 The doors do not require hinges to close or open the shutter nor the frame to
hang them.
 It acts like a steel curtain.

 The shutter operate between two rails, one

fixed to the floor and other to the lintel.
 Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.
 Rolling shutter

These are commonly used for shops, godowns,

stores etc.

The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus

provides adequate protection and safety against

fire and thefts.

The shutter moves in two vertical steel guide

channels installed at their ends.

 Battened & ledged doors
• These doors consist of vertical boards called battens which are nailed or
screwed to the horizontal members, called ledges . Often the battens are
about 15 to 18 cm wide and 2 to 3 cm thick. Doors made with narrow
battens like these have a better appearance.

Ledged braced and battened

door

• This is a ledged and battened

door to which braces have
been added to prevent sagging.
Glazed or Sash Doors

• These are provided where the visibility

of the interior of the room is required.
 Flush Doors
• The flush door with a framed core is

a type of door that we frequently

make in Rural Building. This door
consists of a frame which has stiles,
top and bottom rails, and narrow
intermediate rails. It is covered on
each side by a sheet of plywood
Plywood-covered flush doors cannot
be used where they will be exposed
to rain and sun.
 Louvered Doors

• These permit free ventilation through them and at the same time

maintain the privacy of the room.

 Wire gauged doors

• Wire gauge or fly proof door shutters are fixed to provide free air

circulation and prevent mosquitoes, flies, insects etc. from entering

into the building.

WINDOW :

A Window is a vented barrier (outlet for

ventilation) secured in a wall opening The
function of the window is to admit light and air
in to the building and to give a view to the
outside.

• Window consists of two parts:-

1. Window frame
2. Window shutter
 WINDOWS
 Recommended Dimension for windows

Size of Opening Size of Frame Window Size of Window Shutter

Sr.No. Designation (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 6 WS 12 6001200 5901190 5001100
2 10 WT 12 10001200 9901190 4601100
3 12 WT 12 12001200 11901190 5601100
4 6 WS 13 6001300 5901290 5001200
5 10 WT 13 10001300 9901290 4601200
6 12 WT 13 12001300 11901290 5601200

• WS = Window opening with single shutter

• WT = Window opening with double shutters
 TYPES OF WINDOWS
1. Fixed Windows

2. Pivoted Windows

3. Sliding Windows

4. Casement Windows

5. Glazed Windows

6. Louvered Windows

7. Metal Windows

8. Bay Windows

9. Clerestory Windows

10.Awning Windows

11.Skylight
 Fixed Window
• In this type, the glass pane is permanently fixed in the opening of
the wall.
• The shutter can’t be opened or closed.
• The function is limited to allowing light and or permit vision in the
room.
• The shutters are fully glazed.
 Pivoted windows
• In this type of window, the shutter is capable of rotating
about a pivot fixed to window frame.
• The frame has no rebate.
• The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.
Horizontal pivoted Vertical pivoted
 Sliding Window or Slider:
• Has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide
horizontally within the frame.
• Suitable openings or grooves are left in the frame or
wall to accommodate the shutters when are shutters
are opened.
Casement windows

• Casement windows are hinged at the sides.

• When fully opened, offer the maximum amount of ventilation.

• It operates like a hinged door.

• The panels may be either glazed, unglazed or partly glazed and

are fixed in the grooves made in rails and styles.

 Glazed window
• This is a type of casement window where panels are fully glazed.

• The frame has styles, top rail and a bottom rail.

• The space between top and bottom rail is divided into number of
panels with small timber members called, sash bars or glazing
bars.
• The glass panels are cut 1.5-3.0 mm smaller in size than the panel
size to permit movement of sash bars.
Louvered window

 They are provided for the sole function of ventilation and not for the vision
outside.
 The louvers re usually fixed at 450 inclination sloping downward to the outside to
run-off the rain water.
 The windows provide light and ventilation even if closed.

 Such windows are recommended for bath, WC, workshops etc., where privacy is
more important.
 Metal Windows:
 These are very popular in public buildings and can be made up of mild steel,
stainless steel, aluminum, bronze etc.
 They can be fixed directly to the wall opening in a wooden frame or in the
steel frame.
 While fixing, care has to be taken that the members of the frame are not
subjected to any structural loads to prevent damage.

 The window is fixed into the opening only after

masonry and lintel work is over and fully set.
 Bay window
 The window projecting outward from the external walls .

 Wide and decoratively impressive allow for 180° view.

 A multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different

angles to create an extension from the wall line.
 They may be triangular, circular, rectangular or polygonal in plan.
 Clerestory window

• These are provided to permit light and ventilation to a room having more

height than the adjoining rooms or when the ventilation is restricted.

• Generally provided near the top of main roof and they open above the

slab of adjoining rooms.

 Awning windows
• Awning windows are hinged at the top and open outward. They
are designed to provide ventilation without letting in rain, etc.
• Awning windows can be used alone or in vertical or horizontal
groups in combination with additional awning windows, other
types of windows, or above doors.
•

Awning windows Hopper windows

 Skylight

These are fixed windows on the sloping roofs.

Admit natural light and help distribute light more evenly

throughout the room. Considered an energy saver feature.

In addition to reducing the need to use electric lights, it can deliver

warmth in the winter and cooling in the summer, minimizing the

need for fuel-based heating and air conditioning.

o Skylight
 References From :
• Dr. R.P. Rethaliya - Books of Building Construction
• Dr. S.P. Arora - Books of Building Construction
• Google - Internet