AIBYP2A

BUSINESS ANALYSIS 2.2 (PL/SQL)

www.vut.ac.za
Vivian Mapande
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 www.vut.ac.za

CONTENTS
1. Use SQL queries in a PL/SQL executable block

2. Manipulate data with DML statements in PL/SQL

3. Make use of the INTO clause to hold the values returned by a SQL statement

4. Embedding DML statements in PL/SQL

5. Use record variable

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use SQL queries in a PL/SQL executable block

• It refers to the ability to include SQL statements within a PL/SQL block of code.

• PL/SQL allows for the execution of SQL statements along with the ability to incorporate programming
constructs such as variables, loops, conditionals, and exception handling.

• The key point to note is that the SQL query is embedded within the PL/SQL block using the appropriate
syntax. The result of the SQL query can be stored in PL/SQL variables, used in conditional statements,
or even used to perform DML (Data Manipulation Language) operations.

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use SQL queries in a PL/SQL executable block(Cont.)

• For example the PL/SQL block includes a SQL query to retrieve a value from a table based on a
specific condition. The result of the query is stored in the my_variable PL/SQL variable, which
can then be used within the block for further processing or display.
DECLARE
my_variable VARCHAR2(50);
BEGIN
-- SQL query to retrieve data
SELECT column_name INTO my_variable
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
-- Do something with retrieved data
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value retrieved from table: ' || my_variable);
END;
/
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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Manipulate data with DML statements in PL/SQL

Data Manipulation Language:
• Collection of instructions
• Used to alter database-stored data.

DML statements, as examples, include:

• INSERT − Used to add new data to a table.

• UPDATE − Used to modify existing data in a table.
• DELETE − Used to remove data from a table.
• SELECT − Used to retrieve data from one or more tables in a database.

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Manipulate data with DML statements in PL/SQL(Cont.)

Example:
• Let's suppose we have a "Customers" table with columns: "ID", "Name", and "Age".
• Inserting data: We can use an INSERT statement to add a new customer into the table.
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Customers (ID, Name, Age)
VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 25);

COMMIT;
END;

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Manipulate data with DML statements in PL/SQL(Cont.)

Updating data: If we need to change the age of a customer, we can use an UPDATE statement.
BEGIN
UPDATE Customers
SET Age = 30
WHERE Name = 'John Doe';

COMMIT;
END;

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Make use of the INTO clause to hold the values returned by a SQL statement
• The INTO clause is used to store the result of a SELECT query into a set of variables or a single variable.
• It is a way to fetch a single row or a single column value from a SQL query and assign it to a variable.
• Here is an example to better understand the usage of the INTO clause:
• Let's say we have a table called "Employees" with columns "employee_id" and "employee_name".
Suppose we want to retrieve the name of an employee based on their ID:
DECLARE
v_employee_name Employees.employee_name%TYPE; -- declare a variable to hold the employee name
BEGIN
SELECT employee_name INTO v_employee_name -- use the INTO clause to store the employee name
FROM Employees
WHERE employee_id = 1; -- assuming the employee ID is 1
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_employee_name); -- printing the employee name
END;

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Embedding DML statements in PL/SQL

• Including data manipulation statements such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or SELECT within a PL/SQL
block or program.
• This allows the PL/SQL program to manipulate or interact with the data in a database.
• For example:
The PL/SQL block first retrieves the salary of an employee with the last name 'Smith' from the employees
table using a SELECT statement. Then, it updates the salary of that employee using an UPDATE statement.
Finally, it prints the updated salary using the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE function.
DECLARE
lname employees.last_name%TYPE := 'Smith';
salary employees.salary%TYPE;

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Embedding DML statements in PL/SQL(Cont.)

BEGIN
-- Retrieve the salary for an employee
SELECT salary INTO salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = lname;
-- Update the salary for the employee
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.1
WHERE last_name = lname;
-- Print the updated salary
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The new salary for ' || lname || ' is ' || salary);
END;
/

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use record variable

• Record variable is used to hold a row of data from a table or a query result.
• Here is an example of how to declare and use a record variable in PL/SQL:
DECLARE
TYPE employee_record IS RECORD (
employee_id NUMBER,
first_name VARCHAR2(100),
last_name VARCHAR2(100),
hire_date DATE
);
emp employee_record;

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use record variable(Cont.)

BEGIN
-- Assign values to the record variable
emp.employee_id := 123;
emp.first_name := 'John';
emp.last_name := 'Doe';
emp.hire_date := SYSDATE;

-- Display the values of the record variable

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || emp.employee_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Name: ' || emp.first_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' || emp.last_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hire Date: ' || emp.hire_date);

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use record variable(Cont.)

-- Use the record variable in a SQL statement
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, hire_date)
VALUES (emp.employee_id, emp.first_name, emp.last_name, emp.hire_date);

COMMIT;
END;
/
When using record variable:
• First declare a record type called "employee_record" that defines the structure of the record variable
"emp". It has four fields: employee_id (NUMBER), first_name (VARCHAR2), last_name (VARCHAR2), and
hire_date (DATE).

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 Basic PL/SQL block structures

Use record variable(Cont.)

• We then assign values to each field of the record variable using the dot notation (emp.field_name). Next,
we display the values of the record variable using the DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE procedure.

• Finally, we use the record variable in an INSERT statement to insert the data into an "employees" table.
Note that we can directly reference the fields of the record variable in the INSERT statement
(emp.field_name).

• Remember to commit the changes at the end if needed.

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