ASRAT WOLDEYESUS HEALTH

SCIENCE CAMPUS
Department of Biomedical Science
Biochemistry Assignment
Name ID

1,Maru Alemayehu…………………………………………
1501338
2,Eldana
Tadesse…………………………………………….1501147
3,Mihret Mulugeta………………………………………….1501369
4,Woinshet
Ashenafi………………………………………..1501707
 Table of content

 introduction...............................................4
 Transcription overview...........................6
 RNA polymerase........................................12
 initiation.......................................................18
 Elongation....................................................20
 Terminanation............................................25
 the uses of transcription of RNA..............29
 summary............................................................32
 Reference .............................................................34
 introduction

• What makes death cap mushrooms deadly? These mushrooms

get their lethal effects by producing one specific toxin, which
attaches to a crucial enzyme in the human body.
• RNA polymerase is crucial because it carries out transcription,
the process of copying DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, the
genetic material) into RNA (ribonucleic acid, a similar but
more short-lived molecule).
• Transcription is an essential step in using the information from
genes in our DNA to make proteins.
• Proteins are the key molecules that give cells structure and keep
them running.
• Blocking transcription with mushroom toxin causes liver
failure and death, because no new RNAs and thus, no new
proteins can be made.
• Transcription is essential to life, and understanding how it
works is important to human health.
 Transcription overview
• Transcription is the first step of gene expression. During this
process, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into RNA.
• Before transcription can take place, the DNA double helix must
unwind near the gene that is getting transcribed.
• The region of opened-up DNA is called a transcription bubble
Cont…
• Transcription uses one of the two exposed DNA strands as a
template; this strand is called the template strand.
• The RNA product is complementary to the template strand and is
almost identical to the other DNA strand, called
the nontemplate (or coding) strand.
• However, there is one important difference: in the newly made
RNA, all of the T nucleotides are replaced with U nucleotides.
• The site on the DNA from which the first RNA nucleotide is
transcribed is called the site, or the initiation site.
• Nucleotides that come before the initiation site are given
negative numbers and said to be upstream.
• Nucleotides that come after the initiation site are marked
with positive numbers and said to be downstream.
• Transcripition is a crucial process in gene expressing in t
he synthesis of RNA molecule.
• The primary function of transcription is to convert the ge
netic information encoded in DNA into RNA,then it can be
used for protein synthesis or perform cellular functions.
• Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis in which ge
netic information is stored in nucleus in the form of doubl
e strand DNA is then converted in to a single stranded RN
A chain by enzyme called RNA polymerase(RNAP).
• The synthesis of RNA molecule from eukaryotic DNA depen
dent RNA polymerase enzymes and a number of associated
protiens.
 RNA polymerase
• RNA polymerases are Enzymes that transcribe DNA to
RNA.
• using a DNAtemplate RNA polymerase builds new RNA
molecule through base paring .for instance ,if there is a G
in the DNA template ,RNA polymerase will add a C to the
new ,growing RNA strand .
cont...
 Cont…
• RNA polymerase always builds a new RNA strand in the 5’ to
3’ direction. That is, it can only add RNA nucleotides (A, U, C,
or G) to the 3' end of the strand.
What do 5`and 3`mean?
• The two ends of a strand of DNA or RNA strand are different
from each other. That is, a DNA or RNA strand has
directionality.
• At the 5’ end of the chain, the phosphate group of the first
nucleotide in the chain sticks out. The phosphate group is
attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar ring, which is why this is
called the 5' end.
• At the other end, called the 3’ end, the hydroxyl of the last
nucleotide added to the chain is exposed. The hydroxyl group is
attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar ring, which is why this is
called the 3' end.
• Many processes, such as DNA replication and transcription, can
only take place in one particular direction relative to the
directionality of DNA or RNA strand.
 Cont…
• all eukaryotic cells have three major classes of RNA
• the mRNA,tRNA,rRNA are directly involved in protien synth
esise while the other RNA participates in either messenge-
ral RNA splicing or modulation of gene expression
by altering mRNA function.
• This RNAs differ in their diversity,stability,and abundance in
cells.
• Differentiated cell structures and functions are established a
nd maintained.
• Errors or changes in synthesis, processing,splicing,stability
or function of mRNA transcripts are a cause of disease.
• There are general steps requiring to synthesis the primary
transcriptase are initation,elongation and Termination.....let u
s see it one by one
Initiation
• RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule and moves alo
ng the DNA strand unit untill it recognises a promoter sequen
ce.
• To begin transcribing a gene, RNA polymerase binds to the
DNA of the gene at a region called the promoter. Basically, the
promoter tells the polymerase where to "sit down" on the
DNA and begin transcribing.
Initiation cont....
 Elongation

• Once RNA polymerase is in position at the promoter, the next

step of transcription—elongation—can begin. Basically,
elongation is the stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks
to the addition of new nucleotides.
• During elongation, RNA polymerase "walks" along one strand of
DNA, known as the template strand, in the 3' to 5' direction. For
each nucleotide in the template, RNA polymerase adds a
matching (complementary) RNA nucleotide to the 3' end of the
RNA strand.
 Elongation cont….

here is the reaction that adds

aneucliotide to the chain.
Elongation cont..
• The RNA transcript is nearly identical to the non template
,or coding strand of DNA .
• However,RNA strands have the base Uracil(U) inplace of
Thymine,as wellas a slightly different sugar in the
nucleotide.
• so,as we can see in the diagram above ,each T of the
coding strand is replaced with U in the RNA transcript.
 Elongation cont….
• The picture below shows DNA being transcribed by many RNA
polymerases at the same time, each with an RNA "tail" trailing
behind it. The polymerases near the start of the gene have short
RNA tails, which get longer and longer as the polymerase
transcribes more of the gene.
 termination
• RNA polymerase will keep trancribing until it gets signal to
stop.
• the process of ending transcription is called termination.
• It happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence
of DNA known as terminator.
 And there are 3 types of RNA transcription
 A, messenger RNA (mRNA): provides a template for gen
e coding during protien synthesis.
 B, transferal RNA(tRNA): caries the amino acids to the ri
bosome which has to be added to the poly peptide chain.
 C, ribosomal RNA(rRNA): forms ribosomes along protei
ns. and also the function of RNA is to serve as alocation f
or protein synthesis rRNA is a location in which mRNA a
nd tRNA are abel to come together to synthesis protien.
• So template strand is the strand that is transcripted or co
pied into RNA molecule.
• The other one is nontemplate strand referred as the codi
ng strand of that gene.
• We also have to note that the nucleotide sequence of RN
A transcript will be the same except (U replacing T) in co
ding.
• The enzyme that is responsible for polymerizaion of ribonul
eotide in to a complementary sequence is DNA dependent R
NA polymerase (RNAP) .
• And then, as we know transcription unit contains the initiati
on,elongation ,and also termination for transcription.
 What are the uses of transcription of RNA?

protien synthesis
• the main point of transcription is transcribed DNA into m
essengerRNA which carries the genetic information from
the nucleus to the ribosome in cytoplasm.
• RNA processing and modification: transcription produce
s precursor RNA molecules that undergo various processi
ng steps such as capping to generate mature functional
RNAs .
 Non coding RNA functions
• in addition to coding for protiens transcription also gener
ates noncoding RNAs that play regulatory roles in the cell.

• Example micro RNAs can modulate gene expression ,reg

ulate messenger RNA and also participates in cellular pro
cess like cell differentiation,development,and response.
 DNA repair and genome maintenance
 Transcription coupled DNA repair and chromatin
remodeling help maintain genome integrity by reparing
DNA damage and ensuring proper packging of DNA.
 summary

• In general transcription is the process of RNA synthesis in

which the genetic information that is stored in the nucleus
in the form of double bond stranded DNA is converted in to
asingle RNA chain by an enzyme called RNA
polynerase(RNAP) transcription is afirst step in gene
expression.
• It involves copying a genes DNA sequence to make an RNA
molecule .
• DNA synthesis is the processing of synthesising a double str
and DNA through semi conservative replication by using enz
ymes,RNA is through the process of transcription
using enzyme mediated.
 Reference
• Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2002).
Posttranscriptional controls. In Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York,
NY: Garland Science
• Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Transcription is catalyzed by
RNA polymerase. In Biochemistry (5th ed., section 28.1). New York, NY: W. H.
Freeman
• Boundless (2016, January 8). Initiation of transcription in eukaryotes. In
Boundless biology
• Griffiths, A. J. F., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., and Gelbart, W. M.
(2000). Transcription and RNA polymerase
• Victor Rodwell,David Bander,Kathleen Botham,Peter
Kennelly,P-Harpes`s Illustrated Biochemistry Thirty-First
Edition (2018,McGraw-Hill
Education_Medical )_libgen.li.pdf