HAND TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT IN
ILLUSTRATION
 TOOL EQUIPMENT

Is a handheld device that Usually denotes a set of

aids in accomplishing a tools that are used for
task. A tool can be any specific objective.
item that is used to
achieve a goal.
 CATEGORIES OF HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Hand or Manual Illustration Tools

- Any illustration tool that is powered by hand rather than motor
or any electrical devices.

- Sharpener
-drawing -Compass - Coloring materials
pencils -Masking - Oil pastel - Triangular scales
-erasers Tape - Watercolor - Divider
-Ruler -Drawing - Acrylic paint - Protractor
-Paper board
- Charcoals - Scanner
 CATEGORIES OF HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
2. Digital illustration tools.
- Drawing or illustration which is created using graphics software. Instead of
using pencil and paper digital artists draw with a tablet or a computer,

*DRAWING TABLET
- Drawing tablets gives you full control and feels as natural as
drawing with a pencil.
- Drawing tablets comes in two variants:
1. With screen – also called pen monitor /display tablet
2. Without screen – drawing pad or pen tab.
*STYLUS
- It is used to draw or make selections by tapping, on devices with
touchscreen such as tablet, computer and mobile devices. A stylus is a
pen shaped object that you can use to draw on the surface of your
tablet. You can use it like a pen pencil or brush.
*DRAWING SOFTWARE
- They are programs that are specifically made for making digital
paintings.
example: Photoshop, Krita, Clip Studio paint, and Corel Draw.
*POWERFUL COMPUTER
- An average computer works fine enough for digital painting.

desktop laptop
 ARE YOU DRAWING OR ILLUSTRATING?

A drawing is an art of representing an object or

outlining a figure, plan or sketch by means of lines.
On the other hand, an illustration can be presented
in the form of a drawing, painting or any printed
work of art that explains a text or concept. It serves
to support and better translate ideas, texts and/or
further explain them.
FOR EXAMPLE, WITH THIS OUTPUT, CAN YOU GUESS WHICH TYPE IT FALLS INTO?

• That’s a
drawing. It
doesn’t make
an illustration
(yet).
CAREERS IN ILLUSTRATION
YOUR JOB AS AN ILLUSTRATOR MAY FALL INTO THREE
CATEGORIES:

1. Employee - working full-time at a company. This means a "

conventional " job at an office, with a boss.
2. Freelancer - doing commissions for clients. This means being
paid by various clients to work on specific projects for them.
You usually work from home.
3. Direct sales illustrator - selling art directly to the public. This
means selling finished artwork directly to buyers. You are
working merely for yourself, not for clients.
 ACTIVITY:
Direction: Upon learning what illustration is and the possible career
opportunities, share your insights regarding the course. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

1.Is it interesting to become an illustrator?

2.If ever given a chance to be an
illustrator, what specific job would it
be?
 ACTIVITY: ABOUT ME
Direction: An illustration can be presented in the form of a drawing, painting or
any printed work of art that explains a text or concept. Can you make a simple
illustration that describes yourself? Check my sample output. Use a separate sheet
of paper.

ME AND WAFFLE

I am a dog lover.
 MATERIALS
• Comes in a huge range of colors,
textures, strengths, flexibility levels,
costs and availability levels. Some of
these are the following:
1. DRY MATERIALS 2. WET MATERIALS FOR
FOR MAKING MARKS MAKING MARKS
• pencils • ink, India ink
• pencil crayons • ballpoint pens, felt pens,
• charcoal markers
• Conté crayons
• paints (acrylic, water
• chalk, chalk pastels, oil
colour, tempera, poster,
pastels
• wax crayons
oil)
3. TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS 4. Materials Used as Surfaces on
Which to Make Marks
• pens/brushes
• paper
• stomps/tortillons
• glass
• rollers
• fabric
• airbrush
• plastic
• palette knife
• metal
• found objects
• wood
5. TOOLS AND 6. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND
EQUIPMENT FOR MATERIALS USED FOR
WORKING WITH WET SCULPTURE AND 3-D PRODUCTS
AND DRY MATERIALS
• clay
• drafting table • plaster • fabrics
• easel • metals • plastics
• drawing board • wood • sand
• T-square • glass • papers
• palette
7. COMPUTER AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT FOR CAPTURING,
CREATING, MANIPULATING AND DISPLAYING IMAGES

•computers
•graphics software
•LCD projectors
 DRY MATERIALS FOR MAKING MARKS

• Dry materials, e.g., pencils and charcoal, can be used

separately or in various combinations.
• Mixing media often produces more affluent surfaces
and more complex drawings. Try using several dry
media together.
Plastic lead
• Soft pencils are graded with letter B and numbered from B to 6B.
The larger the number before the B, is the softer the pencil material.
- Soft leads are often used for sketching and shading because
they are generally darker and easier to manipulate.
• Hard pencils are graded with the letter H and numbered from H to
6H. The larger the number before the H is the harder the pencil
material.
- The hardest leads are used to create sharp, clear lines; e.g., those in
drafting or architectural drawings.
PENCIL CRAYONS

• Colored pencils may be used to draw fine,

colored lines or to shade areas in color. A
variety of colored pencils are available
and the craftsperson or artist can be
creative in mixing and matching different
colors, blending two or more colors or
using colored pencils with other drawing
or painting materials.
CHARCOAL

• Charcoal is the oldest drawing

tool. It is a dry and dusty
medium made from burnt wood.
***Have you ever drawn with a
stick that had been blackened
from a fire? This is charcoal.
CONTÉ

• Conté is a highly compressed form of

chalk. Conté crayons, pencils or sticks
come in various densities, from hard to
soft.
• Colors are always earth tones; i.e.,
white, black, browns, greys, rust.
CHALK, CHALK PASTELS, OIL
PASTELS

• Oil pastels are a form of chalk that has

been compressed with oil.
• All chalks and oil pastels come in a
wide range of colors. A variety of soft,
blended effects can be obtained by
layering several colors and using
brushes, cloth or paper to blend.
WET MATERIALS FOR MAKING MARKS

• Wet materials, e.g., ink and paint, can be used

separately or in various combinations. Mixing
media often produces richer surfaces and more
complex drawings. Try using several wet media
together.
FELT PENS AND MARKERS

• Felt pens or markers are excellent for layout and

design and can be used in some poster work.
• They come in a wide range of colors and line
thicknesses. They have the disadvantage of being
transparent and are difficult to use when large, flat
areas of color are needed.
INK AND INDIA INK

• India ink is a simple black ink commonly used for drawing,

especially comics and comic strips.
• Other inks are found in a variety of colors. All inks can be used full
strength or diluted for wash drawings.
• A variety of tools are used to apply ink; e.g., nib pens, fountain
pens, brushes, feathers, rollers and sticks and twigs.
PAINTS

• Many different types of paint each

have specific properties. Artists may
choose a particular type of paint
based on the colors and effects it
produces, its drying time, the
painting surface they want to use
and other factors.
TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET AND DRY MATERIALS

Tools
•ballpoint pens •nib pens
•felt-tipped pens •brushes
•fountain pens •feathers
•lettering pens •sticks and twigs
•technical pens •cardboard pieces
•other found objects
PENS

• Ballpoint pens are the regular ink

pens that we normally use for day-
to-day writing. Ballpoint pens are
used for drawing and shading, but
care must be taken to control the
pressure used. Too much pressure
may result in an unwanted blob of
ink on the drawing surface.
PENS

• Felt-tipped pens are commonly

used by artists. A wide range of
colors is available and the artist
can blend colors to create
different effects. By controlling
the pressure used, the artist can
create shading and hard or soft
lines.
PENS
• Fountain pens and lettering pens are
used for general drawing, sketching
or calligraphy.
• Fountain pens contain a reservoir of
ink that must be replaced or refilled
periodically.
• Lettering pens are used with a bottle
of ink—the artist dips the pen nib
into the ink whenever necessary.
PENS

• Technical pens are similar to

fountain pens. They have a tube-
like, hard nib that can be used
both for sketching and for
producing detailed drawings.
Technical pens are available in a
variety of line widths and have
refillable or replaceable
reservoirs.
PENS
• Nibs for pens come in various sizes and
shapes, from small and thin to wide and flat.
• The nib can be filled by dipping about one half
of the point into a bottle of ink, or the ink can
be applied to the nib with a liquid dropper.
BRUSHES

• Brushes come in a wide variety of materials, shapes

and sizes. They are made of a fibrous tip, connector
called a ferrule and wooden or plastic handle.
BRUSHES
 THE FIBERS OF A PAINTBRUSHES

• Animal hair fibers have tiny scales that hold water and paint. Each hair has
a tapered shape which makes for a better tip. Sable is considered to be the
best natural hair paintbrush. Other paint brushes use hair from oxen,
squirrels, goats, horses, camels and skunks.

*Synthetic fibers are man-made hairs, often made out of

nylon.

These paintbrushes are cheaper, more durable and easier to

clean but may not be ideal for all kinds of paint
SABL
E
• The ferrule is the metal or plastic part of the paintbrush
that holds the fibers and connects them with the handle.
Most ferrules are nickel-plated to prevent rust.
• The handle is usually made of kiln-dried wood but may
be made from molded plastic
ROLLER
S
• Large paint and small printing rollers (brayers) are
used for commercial purposes and to make marks
for artistic purposes.
IDENTIFY ME
 DRAW BASIC SHAPES USING LINES

LINES
- Basic elements of design
- It is a path of the point moving through a space. Lines
play an integral role in the creation of art. When an artist
produces enough lines on a piece of paper or canvas, the
artwork begins to assume both its shape and meaning.
Line can be used to show shape, contour, texture and
tone.
 DRAWING TECHNIQUES FOR ACCURACY

SHAPE
- Is the result of enclosed lines to form a boundary.
CONTOUR
- an outline
TEXTURE
- the tactile quality of the surface of a work of art.
TONE
- lightness or darkness of an area (shadow)
 BASIC KIND OF LINES
HORIZONTAL LINES
- parallel to the horizon. Usually suggest calmness, repose and balance.
VERTICAL LINES
- move straight up and down. It conveys height, stability, and dignity.
DIAGONAL LINES
- Slant lines. Express action, movement, and tension.
ZIGZAG LINES
- made from a combination of a diagonal lines.
CURVED LINES
- change direction gradually.
 LINE DRAWING EXERCISES
BLIND CONTOUR
- The artist draws the contour of a subject without looking at the paper.
CONTOUR DRAWING
- The artist sketches the style of the subject by drawing lines that result in a drawing that is
essentially an outline.
HATCHING
- The engraving or drawing of fine lines in close proximity specially to give an effect of
shading.
CROSS HATCHING
- Layers of hatching applied at different angles to create different textures and darker tones.
Usually the first layer is vertical, the next horizontal and the next diagonal.
 LINE DRAWING EXERCISES
CONTOUR HATCHING
- rather than simple hatching, contour hatching is when the lines follow the contours of the
subject.
RANDOM HATCHING
- uses layers of short, straight marks.
SCUMBLING
- uses layer of small scribbled marks to build up value and texture. Varying the direction adds
more interest than a simple circular scribble.
STIPPLING
- Uses tiny dots to create value. The closer together the dots, the darker the tone.
 GRIPPING THE PENCIL

1. SCRIBE GRIP
- The scribe’s grip that feel
natural for most people is
surely the worst grip for
drawing: writing and drawing
are fundamentally different
activities.
 GRIPPING THE PENCIL

2. PEN GRIP
- this grip is good for detailing
and for small size sketching.
Hold the pencil like you would
hold the writing pen, but much
further from the tip
 GRIPPING THE PENCIL

3. VIOLIN BOW GRIP

- this grip is the preferable
basic drawing grip. It produces
flowing, economical sweeping
line and is ideal for rough
sketching, hatching and tonal
work with the side of lead.
 GRIPPING THE PENCIL

4. GESTURE GRIP AND KNIFE

GRIP
- Suitable mostly for gesture drawing
with varying paper sizes and motion
range. Usually, the smaller the page or
detail, the closer the grip will be to the
pen.
 GRIPPING THE PENCIL

5. BRUSH GRIP
- Used for detail work, it is the pencil held like a
brush, in a pen grip with index finger resting along
the shaft. It offers more motion freedom than the
pen grip and works with or without elbow support.
ASSESSMENT

Identification:
1.It is a path of the point moving through
a space.
2.This can be used to show shape,
contour, texture and tone.
3. Is the result of enclosed lines to form a
boundary.
4. What drawing techniques refers to the
lightness or darkness of an area (shadow)
5. This kind of line usually suggest
calmness, repose and balance.
 2ND QUARTER

Lesson 2 : Principles of
Drawing
PRINCIPLES OF DRAWINGS

1. BALANCE - this refers to the visual weight of objects or the

visual elements in an artwork like shape, colors, and space
should be evenly distributed on the screen. The way of placing
these elements to give the impression of equal weight.
3 TYPES OF BALANCE
1. Symmetrical – completely balance, the same elements where used in both
sides of an artwork.
2. Asymmetrical – also called informal balance. Elements are not evenly
distributed on the space but still it looks balance.
3. Radial – is any type of balance in which the design is extending from center.
PRINCIPLES OF DRAWINGS

2. EMPHASIS – this is the part of the design that captured the

viewer’s attention. It is usually an area or object that stands out
by contrasting with other area or objects. This could be different
in shape, color, size, or texture.
PRINCIPLES OF DRAWINGS

3. MOVEMENT – creates a sense of excitement and helps

direct the viewer’s eye around the image. Such movement can
be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within the
artwork.
You can create movement using diagonal
or curvy lines.
You can create movement by blurring
objects
 Activity
By adding movement in the right way you can keep the focus of your viewer longer.
1. Choose one among the types of
balance and create your own example.
2. Create your own example of
EMPHASIS
3. Create your own example of
movement.
PRE-ASSESSMENT

Define and answer the questions

Media
gouache
tempera
graphite
vellum
sanguine
In choosing your drawing medium/media, what do you consider? Please
enumerate.
What do you prefer buying expensive art supplies or buying inexpensive art
supplies? Explain
IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE DRAWING
MEDIA FOR ILLUSTRATION
• One of the many frustrations of a beginning artist is
one of the foundations of an artwork – choosing the
appropriate drawing medium.
• Choosing the right tools and materials for an
illustration project, will greatly determine the
success of your artwork.
IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE DRAWING
MEDIA FOR ILLUSTRATION
• It will also affect how your ideas and the emotions
you wish to evoke in your audience.
• There is no right or wrong when choosing a drawing
media to work with as long as you are comfortable
while using the medium and how it properly conveys
the idea you wish to communicate.
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

Medium - in art is referring to the substance or the drawing

supplies the artist use to create an artwork.
- Art medium cant be confined to just the regular supplies you
can buy at an art store.
- Any physical material that are added to piece of artwork is a
medium, it can be fur, a piece of cloth, chewing gum, dog
hair, etc.
- If these materials are added to create art and communicate
with the audience, are considered as art media.
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

Aside from being a drawing material or substance,

medium can be used to describe a specific type of
art like sculpture, printmaking, and painting.
Essentially, every art category is its own medium.
The plural form of medium as an art material is
media.
 Starry night
By Van Gogh
- created using reed pen
and ink for the initial work
and later painted in oil and
canvass.
A reed pen is a writing implement made by cutting and
shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo.
REED PLANTS
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

As an artistic material you may notice how the artist

distinguish the type of media they use for a specific
artwork. Often you may find notations following the
title of the paintings:
• gouache on paper
Gouache - Water-soluble paint that, unlike water
colour, is opaque so the white of the paper surface
does not show through.
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

Tempera on board
tempera - Tempera is a painting technique in
which colour pigments in powder form are
mixed in a binder, normally with a water-
soluble binder medium, usually the yellow
part of the egg and then diluted with water, as
a thinner.
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

• oil on canvass
• ink on bamboo
DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

• pen and ink

DRAWING MEDIUM IN ART

• graphite on vellum
Vellum- fine parchment made originally from the skin
of a calf.
Graphite is a mineral
composed of stacked sheets
of carbon atoms with a
hexagonal crystal
structure. It is the most
stable form of pure carbon
under standard conditions.
 CHOOSING YOUR DRAWING MEDIA

- Different drawing media suits different drawing styles,

and its very critical to choose the appropriate media,
drawing surface and tools that will help the artist express
their artistic idea and vision.
- Imagine if Van Gogh used colored pencil instead of oil
when he created Starry Night, the art piece would not be
able to possess the same depth and expression of color
which an oil paint could evoke in a canvass.
 TIPS:

1. Do not buy expensive art supplies.

- When experimenting or starting out with a specific
drawing media, it is not recommended to buy the
expensive art supplies unless you will devote on working
with it for most of your artwork.
- Professional artists that invests quality and expensive
media need them for their longevity.
1. Do not buy expensive art supplies.
- They sell their artworks for clients that spends a lot for quality outputs
that will last for a long time without loosing color quality and
vibrancy.
- Therefore, it is better to start off with mid-range supplies not the
cheaper ones, when starting out with a new drawing media, because
most of the time you will be working on artworks for personal purpose
or to fill in your portfolio.
- Cheap art supplies will not be able to achieve the desired output in
your designs.
2. Do not try to make a media do something it can’t.
- It is essentially impossible to force your drawing media
to create something in opposition to its original nature.
One good example is when you are trying to capture more
volume, depth, and matte contrast, then charcoal stick is
more appropriate to use than graphite pencils. Same goes
with coloring supplies.
3. Avoid the idea that one medium is better than other medium.
- An example is that “traditional drawing is better than digital
drawing”.
- Artists using these media exert the same effort when creating
an artwork and have different sets of audiences and type of
message that only a specific art supply can convey, therefore
it’s wrong to discredit one medium for the other.
- Your choice of drawing media depends on what story or
feelings you wish to evoke with your audience.
4. Look for reference from artist’s you admire.
- Study other artists’ technique on how they apply a
specific medium in their artworks to tell story and how
they evoke emotions and learn how their technique apply
to your own technique in drawing. This way you will be
able to choose appropriate media in your next outputs.
SOME DRAWING MEDIA OPTIONS YOU CAN TRY OUT TO HELP YOU GET
STARTED:

A. GRAPHITE

- Comes in varying degrees of hardness and

form. Once you grow confident of using the
usual wood cased graphite pencil you try
experimenting with other graphite supplies
like the woodless graphite, graphite sticks
(soft, medium, hard) and powdered graphite.
B. CHARCOAL
- This is one of the oldest drawing media
along with chalk, if you want more flat and
matte finish in your artwork then you
probably should use this instead of graphite
that reflects light. Like graphite, charcoal
also comes in varieties – Compressed pencil
charcoal (black and white), compressed
sticks (black and white), willow or vine
charcoal and powdered. They also come in
soft, medium and hard variety.
C. CARBON PENCIL - In case you wanted something
in between graphite and charcoal, then you can try
carbon pencils, its darker than a graphite pencil and
smoother than charcoal.

D. COLORED PENCIL - When

selecting a colored pencil always look
for the quality and color vibrancy. The
quality of the lead will make or break
your drawing project, especially when
you must blend one color to another.
E. SANGUINE - Or sometimes referred to as red chalk, are drawing media with
an earthy shade that ranges from red ochre to intense red.
This drawing media is often used to create sketches, life drawings and rustic
scenes. This is very ideal when defining volume and contour of the human flesh.
Sanguine can be bought in the form of a pencil, sticks, chalk, Conte crayon and
pastel.
F. PASTELS - Oil pastels are waxy and easy to smudge
and blend, soft pastels on the other hand are crumbly and
chalky but easy to smudge when blending. Soft pastels
need rough paper surfaces while hard pastels are of
course harder than soft pastels, and can provide visible
hard lines for detailed work, this pastel can also be used
for color blending.
G. MARKERS - Markers can come with alcohol or
water-soluble inks and can also be refillable and
disposable. When it comes to the tip you can choose
whether it is stiff or flexible (brush tip) and if its fine
point or broad. Choose properly depending on how you
H. INK - Choose between pigment-based
or dye-based inks, the only difference
between these two ink categories is how
they behave and absorbed in the paper.
Dye-based ink when applied, are absorbed
and is best to use when tinting the surface.
While pigment-based ink when applied
coats the surface of the paper, which is
best used to create marks and details.
LINES - A very powerful method of improving the
composition of photos is the use of lines. Lines create a
mood and lead the eye through the picture keeping the
viewer’s attention focused on the image.

Everything begins with just a dot and this dot change

into a line and the line becomes drawings. You can find
lines everywhere! Line is one of the seven elements of
arts, the texture, color, shape, form, space, value, and
line.
FIVE TYPES OF LINES
1. VERTICAL LINES - Are straight, without any slant, that
move up and down. These lines are perpendicular with
horizontal lines. Since they extend up in the sky and seem
unbreakable, they suggest height and strength.

2. HORIZONTAL LINES - Are straight, without any

slant, that move from left to right. These lines are
parallel to the horizon. They suggest stability,
calmness, distance, and width.
3. DIAGONAL LINES - Except horizontal
and vertical, diagonal lines are straight lines
that slant in any direction. These lines
suggest lack of stability or movement.

4. ZIGZAG LINES - when series of diagonal

lines joined at ends, zigzag lines are formed.
Zigzag lines convey anxiety, restlessness,
excitement, and action.
5. CURVED LINES - lines that are bend and
gradually change direction are called curved
lines. These wavy or spiral lines convey feelings
of sensual quality as they remind us of the
human body and ease and comfort.
VARIATION OF LINES IN DRAWING
A. LENGTH - Lines' length can be short (close, cute,
small) or long (far, tall, strong)
B. WIDTH - Lines' width goes in thick (power,
weight, strength) or thin (lightweight, slim, and
delicate).

C. WEIGHT - The weight in lines change when

line's width change. This can suggest when one
object is in front of another and can capture
movement, and energy.
D. TEXTURE
- lines' texture defines how rough or
smooth it is. To change the texture, you
just simply need to change your working
medium. For example, from graphite
pencil to charcoal or in digital drawings,
just change your digital brush.
E. Continuous lines or implied lines
- mainly used to lead the eye of the viewer
in the direction that you want them to go.
For patterns, calling attention and energy,
dashed or dotted lines are mainly used for
this purpose.
USES OF LINES IN DRAWINGS
1. Contour lines –
Exist outside and inside of a
figure or and shape. It is
often referred as "line art"
because it defines the outline
of the shape.
USES OF LINES IN DRAWINGS
2. CONTINUOUS LINE –
is when you start to draw
something without lifting your
medium from the page.
This type when just end up messy if
done not so well but very
expressive and energetic if it is
done right.
4. PATTERN –
Is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work
of art to create a decorative effect
5. REPETITION –
Works with pattern to make the work of art seem
active. The repetition of elements of design creates
unity within the work of art.
6. RHYTHM
- Is created when one or more elements of
design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of
organized movement. Rhythm creates a mood
like music or dancing. To keep rhythm exciting
and active, variety is essential. It is also called
the visual beat of an art.
8. VARIETY
– visual elements create a sense of unity where
they relate well with one another. It is a
principle of design that refers to a way of
combining visual elements.

9. UNITY
- is the feeling of harmony between all parts of
the work of art, which creates a sense of
completeness.
7. PROPORTION
- is the harmonious arrangement or relation of parts
or elements within a whole design.
- It is the feeling of unity created when all elements
(sizes, value, or object) relate well with each
other.
- When drawing the human figure, proportion can
refer to the size of the head compared to the rest
of the body. Or, when you draw an apple near the
grapefruit, their sizes must be proportion with
each other.
 PROPORTION IN DRAWING

In art, proportion refers to the relationship between the

different sized components within one whole
composition. Proportion can be used to make a
composition appear more realistic or more stylized
depending on the type of proportion used. Proportion
does not refer to the overall size of a composition
(scale), but rather the size of elements within the
composition in relation to each other.
One of the important principles of design is proportion. It
is the relation of the size, amount, or the number of an
individual part in comparison to the whole LESSON
RECAP image.
 PROPORTION VS. SCALE
• In art, scale refers to the size of one whole object in
relation to another whole object. Artists use large scale
art and small scale art to create different effects on a
viewer through their perception of size.
• Scale, while often confused with proportion, is different.
Human beings have an innate perception of size.
Because human beings often use themselves as a
baseline of comparison, artists use scale to create
different effects through their art.
Often proportion is mistaken for scaling, because of their relative
definition. The scale is the size of an object relative to another object in
an artwork. The “whole” as defined in proportion and scaling can refer
to a single object like a face or the entire artwork like a landscape.
Proportion helps the audience make sense of the artwork. For example,
if you are going to draw a landscape of a tree and a person, the tree
should be in a proper scale in relation to a person. The person’s figure
should also be in proportion to what a regular person looks like in real
life (no tentacle-like arms or short leg, you get the point).
 PROPORTION

In art, proportion means making sure different parts of

a picture fit well together. This includes their sizes,
amounts, and how much space they take up. Artists use
proportion to arrange things in a way that looks good
and makes the whole picture come together nicely. It's
an important rule in art to help decide how big or small
things should be in a artwork.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROPORTIONS THAT EXIST WITHIN
ART.

Standard Proportion
• Standard proportion refers to proportions that are created
correctly when compared to proportions that exist within
reality. Standard proportion is important for artists looking to
create realistic compositions. Take, for example, the “Vitruvian
Man” by Leonard Da Vinci. Da Vinci’s focus on standard
proportion within the illustration is based on anatomical
proportions from physical reality.
1.Proportional Relationships: The drawing
emphasizes the proportional relationships
between different parts of the body. For
example, the length of the outstretched arms is
equal to the height of the figure, and the navel is
at the center of the circle. These proportions are
based on Vitruvius's ideas about the ideal
proportions of the human body.
2.Symmetry: The figure is symmetrically
positioned within both the square and the circle.
Symmetry is often associated with beauty and
balance in art and design.
Hierarchical Proportion
• Hierarchical proportion is the intentional use of
proportion to depict a hierarchy within a
composition. Hierarchical proportion denotes levels
of power, status, or importance based on the
proportions the artist chooses. The hierarchy
created through proportions can be used to depict
social classes, tell a story, or document historical
facts visually.
• objects or figures that are more significant or important
are depicted as larger than those that are less important.
• This size difference helps viewers understand the
hierarchy of elements within the artwork.
• In religious paintings, for instance, saints or divine
figures might be portrayed as larger than regular human
figures to emphasize their importance.
1. 4.
3.

5.
2.
 Altered
Proportion
•Altered proportion artwork refers to the
manipulation of proportion to achieve a
specific visual effect. Altered proportion is
often used intentionally, typically to create
more stylized and expressive
compositions.
THE WEEPING WOMAN
BY PABLO PICASSO
(1937)
Description:
This painting presents a
distorted and anguished
portrayal of a woman's face.
The altered proportions
intensify the emotional impact,
conveying the pain and sorrow
associated with the subject
matter.
THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY BY SALVADOR DALÍ
(1931)
Description: In this iconic
surrealist painting, Dalí
distorts the proportions of the
clocks, creating a dreamlike
and melting effect. The
surreal nature of the altered
proportions contributes to the
overall sense of timelessness
and the fluidity of reality.
 • The figures in the painting exhibit
distorted and angular forms,
deviating significantly from
traditional representations of the
human body.
• The faces and bodies of the
figures are fragmented and
distorted, featuring sharp angles
and unconventional shapes.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Painting by Pablo Picasso
 GUERNICA BY PABLO PICASSO (1937)

Description: Picasso's masterpiece, depicting the horrors of the Spanish Civil War, features
distorted and altered proportions in the figures and animals. The intentional distortion emphasizes
the anguish and chaos of the scene, evoking a powerful emotional response.
THE SCREAM BY EDVARD MUNCH (1893)

• Description: Munch's iconic

painting features a figure with a
distorted face and elongated
proportions. The altered
proportions intensify the sense
of anxiety and despair, capturing
a moment of existential crisis.
SOME COMMON REASONS FOR ALTERING PROPORTIONS IN
ART:

1.Expression of Emotion
2.Symbolism
3.Storytelling
4.Experimentation
5.Political or Social Commentary
WHERE DO WE USUALLY SEE THE ALTERED
PROPORTION?

- Interior Design
- Fashion
- Package Design
- Art and Public Spaces
 Let learners artistically illustrate, through altered proportion, the
commendable qualities and virtues embodied by individuals within their local
community.

• (learners may exaggerate or minimize the proportions of body parts, such as

having a giant hand- that represents a helping hand, or a big heart – that
symbolizes a good person)
RUBRICS:

1. Creative and Original:

- Criteria: Is the drawing imaginative and different from typical ideas?
2. Eye-Catching:
- Criteria: Does the drawing grab attention and look interesting?
3. Clear Message:
- Criteria: Can you easily understand what the drawing is trying to say or
express?
4. Symbolic Representation:
- Criteria: Does the drawing use size changes to represent ideas or concepts?
Out of Proportion
• Out of proportion entails one or more elements
of a subject to be too large or too small in
proportion to the rest of the subject. The extent
to which something is out of proportion
depends on the artist's choices. Sometimes
artists create a severely out of proportion
subject as a means of stylistic exaggeration.
• An artist has many tools at
their disposal that they utilize
in a way that contributes to
their own style. Proportion is
one of these tools that can be
used in various ways to shape
how their art is perceived by a
viewer and the story or
emotion it creates within
them.
 OUT OF PROPORTION

Out of Proportion in art refers to any intentional or unintentional

distortion or exaggeration of an element’s size or scale to create a
particular effect to make their artwork striking and engaging.
Proportion refers to the relative size of one element to other elements in
an art composition. Ideally, the use of proportion in art is to create a
sense of harmony, balance, and realism. The human figure is often used
as an example or reference for explaining proportion, with artists
calculating the size and scale of every limb to create a realistic
representation.
In an out-of-proportion concept, the artist
intentionally or by mistake exaggerates the size of
one element or limb, drawing the viewers’ attention
as it creates discomfort or tension. When an artist
uses this concept correctly, the proportion can add
meaning, variety, and depth to a work of art in the
creative process.
 WHAT ARE THE RULES OF OUT-OF-PROPORTION IN AN ARTWORK?

• Below are the rules of Out-of-Proportion Proportion in Art. We

cannot call them rules because these are like breaking the rules.
1.An Out-of-proportion in art refers to both deliberate or
unintentional manipulation of the size or scale of elements within an
artwork.
2.The traditional rule of proportion in art, is not adhered to or broken.
This bold stand creates visual interest and impact on a painting.
SOME OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUT-OF-PROPORTION
AND ALTERED PROPORTION IN ART ARE AS FOLLOWS:
 ESSAY

1-5. differentiate out-of proportion from altered

proportion.
6-10. What does proportion bring to the overall
structure of an illustration? How?
11-15. Is proportion an important principle of
design that a beginning artist should acquire to
improve? Why?
WHAT IS THE GRID DRAWING METHOD

- is a method of defining proportion as you create your

art. By drawing on a grid, the artist maintains correct
proportions of a chosen subject.
- the grid method involves placing a grid of square over a
reference photo and placing an identical grid of squares
on your drawing paper.
- you then draw your subject by focusing on one square at
a time and replicating what you see in each square.
MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED IN GRID
DRAWING

-Reference photo -Sketch book or

-Drawing pencil drawing book/paper
-Ruler -Eraser
-T-square -Sharpener
-Coloring materials.
STEPS FOR USING THE GRID DRAWING

1.Place a grid over your reference photo

- use a ruler and pencil to create a grid over the
original image. Make your grid in a
comfortable measurement, like a half an inch or
one inch squares.
2. PUT A GRID ON THE DRAWING PAPER.

- on your drawing paper, create a grid identical to the one on the

reference photograph.
- To keep your drawing the same scale as the reference, the ratio must
absolutely be 1:1.
- additionally, if your photo grid consists of 7 rows and 5 columns,
then your drawing paper should have 7 rows and 5 columns too.
- Optional step: many beginners of the grid method find it helpful to
label their grid with letters and numbers.
3. DRAW YOUR SUBJECT ONE SQUARE AT A TIME

- square by square, begin copying the master image to

your drawing paper.
After drawing, carefully erase your
lightly drawn grid lines.
DRAWING TIME
3RD
QUARTER
GRADE 9
ILLUSTRATIO
N
PROPER DIMENSIONING
• ISOMETRIC DRAWING
- The term isometric means “equal measure” or
“equal angle”. In isometric drawing, one corner of
the object appears very close to the observer’s eye.
The isometric drawing is employed whenever the object to
be drawn is square or rectangular in shape. It is simple and
presents the three regular views namely: top view, front
view, and side view.
There are three axes necessary in drawing isometric. These axes give
rise to its formation and they are as follows: the vertical axis *AB, the
30º left cross axis *BC and the 30º right cross axis *BD.
For a beginner, the isometric drawing is better understood if he
should learn to master drawing first the isometric box.

The following are the steps to be considered:

1. Draw an imaginary light horizontal line AB
2. Draw a light vertical
axis perpendicular to the
given line and form two
equal 90 degrees angles.

3. Draw a thin 30 degrees

left cross axis EK
4. Draw a thin 30
degrees right cross axis
GK.

5. Mark off distances to

represent the width,
length and thickness of
the box.
6. Connect EH parallel to
the vertical axis.

7. Connect GL parallel to
the vertical axis.
8. Complete and
drawing-lines DL,
DH. HM, and LM.
9. Draw a hidden line
connecting MN.
10. Draw a hidden line
connecting EN.
11. Draw the last hidden
line connecting GN.
12. Remove unwanted
lines and use thick lines
for all visible lines.
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
 HOW TO DRAW BASIC HUMAN BODY PROPORTION

1.Start charting with heads

- start by creating circles for a head and from
there, mark down eight measurements with the
last one being on the ground. (oval and egg
shapes are fine to use)
Why eight heads? It all stems back during the renaissance period when it was
established that the measurement for the ideal height is equal to eight heads.
HOW TO
DRAW BASIC
HUMAN
BODY
PROPORTION
2. FROM THE HEAD, CREATE THE PELVIS
- between marks 3 and 4, create the body’s pelvic bone
by drawing a circle. Add two hip joints (small round
circle) just below it.
3. Draw a line connecting to head
- after drawing the pelvic bone and the hip joints, draw
a line connecting it to the head. This line will serve as
your body’s spine.
4. Next up, the legs and the knees
- draw the knee joints on mark 6 and draw a line below it.
This line will correspond to the bottom of the knee caps.
- on mark 8. draw circles for the feet
- complete the legs by connecting the hip joints and the
knee joints with a straight line.
- connect the knee joints with the feet also with a straight
line.
5. Add volume with the ribcage and belly button.
- draw an oval between marks 1 and 2 and down to
mark 3.
- add more details to the rib cage by drawing
nipples on mark 2 (just inside the head) and a belly
button on mark 3.
6. Make it more realistic with shoulders
- draw your shoulder line halfway between marks 1 and
2.
- the shoulder line does not necessarily have to be
straight line. In fact, drawing it slightly curved down
makes it look more realistic.
- shoulder muscles (also called the trapezius muscles)
can take on many forms as seen in the image below.
7. add the hands, wrists and arms
- for the final touches, add the elbows on mark 3
and the wrists on mark 4. The wrist should be
slightly lower below the Hip joints.
- hands are also roughly between the thighs so
draw them on mark 5. connect these circles with a
straight line to create your arms.
 Finally shape the human
figure
- shape the lines by adding
its muscles or skin to create
human figure.