NOTE 1 (Intro + 1-Way Slab)

CEG 314
INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE AND TIMBER DESIGN
Dr.(Mrs.)Abiodun
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
University of Lagos, Nigeria
PART 1:
INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE DESIGN
Outlines
TEXTBOOKS:
 Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design-Victor
Oyenuga
FFF
FOUNDATION
COLUMN DESIGN  Reinforced Concrete Design- Mosley, Bungey &

Hulse
BEAM DESIGN
- Rectangular beam
-Flanged beam (T and L)
-Continuous beam
Teaching Materials
SLAB DESIGN  BS 8110-1997 Code
- One way spanning slab
-Two way spanning slab  Reinforcement Tables
What is Concrete?
Why the addition of Reinforcement?

Reinforced Concrete Design Philosophy
LOADS
1. Dead loads: Loads constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the designed
life/span of the structure. Examples are the weight of the structure and any permanent
material(s) placed on the structure, such as roofing, walls etc.
2. Live loads: Also known as imposed load. Load that may vary in magnitude and also change
location. Examples are Human, furniture etc. They are uncertain!
3. Environmental loads: They are like live loads because they are uncertain (in magnitude and
distribution) at any given time. Examples are: wind load, Earthquake loads, snow loads etc
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS
Reasons for partial FOS

Errors and inaccuracies due to
• Possible unusual load increase
• Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculations
• Unforeseen stress redistributions
• Constructional inaccuracies (improper curing conditions, segregation effect, poor
mixing, inadequate compaction etc)
Design load = characteristic load × partial FOS

Note: The design load can therefore be referred to as the factored load. Intending structures
would have to be designed for this factored load
6
What is Concrete Cover?
• Protects the reinforcement from corrosion

• Increases the resistance of reinforced concrete to fire
• Prevents ingress of moisture/water
• Its thickness varies and depends on the structural member
LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD
• Limit state method combine the knowledge of the ultimate theory (which gives a good idea of the
strength aspect) with the serviceability states
• Limit state design method provides a framework which would allow designs to be economical and
safe.
• So, when do we say a structure has reached its limit state?

LS is divided into 2:
Limit state
Ultimate limit Serviceability

state limit state
Shear, Durability,
Flexure, Stability, Fire- Vibration,
Torsion, Deflection,
compression resistance Fatigue
Tension Cracking
8
DESIGN OF SLABS
A slab refers to a flat, horizontal, and typically reinforced concrete element used to form floors, ceilings, and roofs.
Slabs are one of the essential components of a building structure and provide a solid, stable base for supporting
other building elements such as walls, columns, and beams.
Examples are: Solid slabs, Flat slabs, waffle slabs, Ribbed slabs etc
Here we will look into the design of solid slabs
flat slab
solid slab(Conventional slab)

Waffle slab (Grid slab):
Ribbed slab
There are 2 major types of solid beams
1. One way spanning slabs: Slabs supported on parallel beams. The slabs are designed to resist
load in one direction only, and the reinforcement is provided in the direction perpendicular
to the beams i.e. parallel to the shorter side
Aspect ratio: ly/lx ≥ 2

2. Two-way spanning slabs: These slabs are supported by beams in both directions (on all four sides) and
are designed to resist loads in two directions. The reinforcement is provided in both directions, and the
slab is usually thicker than one-way slabs.
Aspect ratio: ly/lx < 2

That is;
In two way slab, as the loads are carried in both directions (longer and shorter direction) and main
reinforcement bars are provided in both directions.
In summary:
The difference between One-way spanning slab and Two-way spanning slab are presented
Some of the slab panels can be categorized
as either one-way spanning slab or two-
way spanning slab
For Example:
Panels 4, 9, 7- one-way
Panels 1, 2, 3- two-way
General Arrangement (GA) drawing

Design of One-way spanning slab
I. Ultimate limit state ULS
Steps Involved Step 1: Aspect ratio
Step 2: Cover to Reinforcement
BS 8110-1:1997 ly/lx ≥ 2
Table 3.3
For durability requirements: Assume mild exposure conditions.
Nominal Cover required is 20mm.
However, For fire requirements: Assume 2 hour fire resistance (Table 3.4)
Step 3: Slab loading

 Dead load (gk)
• Thickness is assumed if not given
• Calculate the slab self weight (kN/m²) = Thickness × sp. unit wt of concrete
• Add Finishes or light partition (If given) to get the ‘’Total dead load’’
 Live load /Imposed load (qk)

• Varies depending on the purpose of the building
 Design load (w)

Step 4: Calculate Effective depth (d)
d = h-c-θ/2 where h= slab thickness; c= concrete cover; θ= assumed main reinforcement bar
Step 5: Calculate Moment (M)
 For Simply supported: M = wl²/8

 For Cantilever: M = wl²/2
Step 6: Calculate the amount of Reinforcement
a) where b= 1000mm (Considering a 1m strip of slab).This value is constant in solid slab

fcu = Characteristic strength of concrete (to be given) OR design stress of concrete
Note: If K ≤ 0.156 compression reinforcement not required (i.e section is designed as singly reinforced section)
If K > 0.156 compression reinforcement is required (i.e. section is designed as doubly reinforced section)
b)
where z= lever arm
Note: If Z > 0.95d (Adopt 0.95d). However, if its ≤ 0.95d, use the obtained value
c) Area of reinforcement required (As) = M/(0.95fyZ)
Where; fy = Characteristic strength of reinforcement (Table 3.1)
For Mild steel; fy = 250N/mm² For High yield steel; fy = 410-460N/mm²
R denotes Mild steel

Y or T denotes High yield steel
Note: Take the value of As( reqd) to the reinforcement table to obtain As(provided)
d) Checks for minimum area of reinforcement (Asmin)
Asmin = 0.13%bh for high yield steel

= 0.24%bh for mild steel
This brings us to the end of the first part of the design, which is the ULS.
The second part is the serviceability limit state (SLS)

II. Serviceability Limit State, SLS
c) Modification factor (MF) [Eqn. 7]
Steps
Step 1: Deflection Check MF =
Table 3.9 of BS8110
a) Basic span/effect. Depth ratio
Note: Adopt 2 If MF value after calculation is greater than 2.
However, use the value obtained from the calculation if its ≤

2.
d) Compare these two parameters
b) Service stress, fs  Actual span/effect. depth ratio = lx/d
 Allowable span/effect. depth ratio = Basic span/effect.

Depth ratio × MF
If Allowable is > Actual (deflection is

Q ED OK i.e. deflection check is satisfied)

NOTE 1 (Intro + 1-Way Slab)

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CEG 314

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE AND TIMBER DESIGN

COLUMN DESIGN  Reinforced Concrete Design- Mosley, Bungey &

Why the addition of Reinforcement?

Reasons for partial FOS

Design load = characteristic load × partial FOS

• Protects the reinforcement from corrosion

LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD

• So, when do we say a structure has reached its limit state?

Ultimate limit Serviceability

Here we will look into the design of solid slabs

solid slab(Conventional slab)

Aspect ratio: ly/lx ≥ 2

Aspect ratio: ly/lx < 2

General Arrangement (GA) drawing

Step 3: Slab loading

 Live load /Imposed load (qk)

 Design load (w)

Step 5: Calculate Moment (M)

 For Simply supported: M = wl²/8

Step 6: Calculate the amount of Reinforcement

a) where b= 1000mm (Considering a 1m strip of slab).This value is constant in solid slab

Where; fy = Characteristic strength of reinforcement (Table 3.1)

For Mild steel; fy = 250N/mm² For High yield steel; fy = 410-460N/mm²

R denotes Mild steel

d) Checks for minimum area of reinforcement (Asmin)

Asmin = 0.13%bh for high yield steel

The second part is the serviceability limit state (SLS)

However, use the value obtained from the calculation if its ≤

d) Compare these two parameters

b) Service stress, fs  Actual span/effect. depth ratio = lx/d

 Allowable span/effect. depth ratio = Basic span/effect.

If Allowable is > Actual (deflection is

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