THERMAL PHYSICS

Created by : Candidate
 INTRODUCTION

What is meant by Thermal Physics?

It is the basically the study of Heat ,
Temperature and how they effect the behaviors
of molecules.
This also explains everyday phenomenon like
why cup of coffee warms our hands (heat
transfer)
KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER

Kinetic Model of matters is a model of continues motion of

Tiny Particles that are called Matter.
-These Atoms can also be broken down into smaller pieces.
 - In Solid Particles are tightly packed together.
- The Arrangement of the particles are Regular.
- The molecules are only able to vibrate , not move due to the strong force of
Attraction.
- Solid has a fixed shape and Volume.
- Solids Cannot be compressed.

-In Liquids particles are little far compared to solid

- The particles can move freely due to the weak force of attraction
- Liquids don’t have fixed Shaped but got fixed Volume
- Liquids cannot me compressed.

-The Gas Particles are very far apart , As Force of Attraction between molecules are very
weak
-Particles can move freely and randomly
-Gas has no fixed shaped but has fixed volume
- They can be compressed due to the molecules being far apart from each other.
 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME.

• Boyles Law ( P-V)

• Boyles law tells us that at a constant temperature, Increasing the volume of a container decreases the
pressure ( Pressure of a gas is inversely propotional to the volume of gas .
 T H E R E L AT IO N S H I P O F
V O L U M E A N D T E M P E R AT U R E

The Volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly Diagram A shows molecules expanding into a greater volume
propotional to the temperature in which as the temperature increases.
pressure stay constant
Diagram B shows
that the volume of
the gas is directly
proportional to the
temperature
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Temperature:
• Temperature refers to how hot or cold an object is.
• SI Unit is Kelvin ()
• Other Units are Fahrenheit ( and Celsius (

• Temperature Conversion Formula:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
 THERMAL PROPERTIES

-Melting is the process in -Boiling is the process in which heat is absorbed from
Which Heat is taken from surroundings Surroundings to change the substance from liquid to gas.
To change the substance from solid to liquid

The Process in which substance changes In every state change the It is the process in which the substance
from liquid to solid by the act of Cooling. temperature is remains changes from Gas to liquid by act of cooling
constant until all the below boiling Point.
substance changes to
another state
 Evaporation
Evaporation is the slow escape Due to the higher kinetic Energy molecules
of particles in which molecules Escaping the surface of the liquid , less
with more kinetic Energy escape Kinetic energy molecules are left behind
from the surface of the liquid , Which result in temperature decreases
leaving less kinetic energy Also know as the cooling effect
molecules behind

Evaporation can occur on any temperature

 HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY

• Heat Capacity is defined as the amount of

heat energy required to raises the • Specific heat capacity of a substance is amount of heat
temperature of a substance by 1C energy need to Raise the temperature of 1kg of a
substance by 1
• Energy Required= Mass x Specific Heat capacity x increase in temp
• E = mc∆T
• The SI Unite of heat capacity is ( J/kg
 LATENT HEAT

• Latent Heat is the amount of of energy need to • Specific latent heat is the amount of energy need to change state of 1kg
change the state of a substance without change of a substance without changings Temperature
in Temperature
Thermal Energy = Mass x specific latent heat ( E= m x l )
Unit of specific latent heat is J/kg

Latent heat of fusion:

Latent heat of vaporization:
Latent heat of fusion is amount of energy
Latent heat of vaporization is amount of energy required to change
required to change a substance from solid to
a substance from solid state to liquid.
liquid
 SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
AND VAPORIZATION

SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF

FUSION VAPORIZATION

• The amount of thermal energy required to • Specific latent heat of vaporization of a

change Unit mass (1kg) of the substance substance is the amount of thermal
from solid to Liquid State , without energy required to change unit mass
change in temp. (1kg) of the substance from liquid to
gaseous state.
•
 THERMAL EXPANSION

• Most Substances – Solid , liquid , Gas expand when they are heated. When
heated they increases the movement of molecules inside and move them further
apart , so the substance expands in all directions.
• This is known as “Thermal Expansion”

USES OF THERMAL EXPANSION

One of these uses are also in the fire Alarms which save many lives in the modern
times!
 CONSEQUENCES OF THERMAL
EXPANSION….

• Thermal expansion sometimes can be beneficial however , they can also be life
threatening at a specific point. For example in railway tracks , due to the
extreme heat they can buckle , this can also be familiar with metal bridges so in
order to prevent that space is left and expansion joints are placed , and when
they expand the gap decreases.
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY

• Thermal Energy Always from a region of higher temp to a region of lower

temp . Net flow of thermal energy occurs only when there is a diff of temp:

Conduction: its is the process by which heat transmitted through a solid from its hotter part
to Its colder part until the whole solid becomes same temperature.

Convection: It is the process by which heat is transmitted from hot place to cold place by the movements
Of heated particles of a gas or liquid.

Convection can only occur in fluids ( liquid or gas)

Radiation: its is the process by which heat is transmitted from one place to another in the form of
Electromagnetic waves.

Does not require any medium , Can take place in a vacuum.

 CONDUCTION

WHY DOES CONDUCTION NOT APPLICATIONS OF

WORK BEST ON FLUIDS? CONDUCTION:
• Conduction, the transfer of heat through direct • Cooking utensils: Kettles and saucepans
contact between particles, works less effectively and boiler are usually made of aluminum
in fluids (liquids and gases) compared to solids.
and stainless steel.
This inefficiency stems from two key factors.
Firstly, fluids have sparsely packed particles
compared to the densely packed structure of
solids. This translates to fewer collisions between
particles, limiting the opportunities for heat to be
transferred. Secondly, unlike the orderly
vibrations in solids, fluid particles move
randomly. This random motion creates an indirect
and less efficient path for heat to travel, hindering
the overall rate of heat transfer through
conduction in fluids.
 CONVECTION

CONVECTION IN LIQUIDS CONVECTION IN AIR

• Convection, unlike conduction which • Convection is the key player in air

relies on direct particle contact, utilizes circulation and weather patterns. As
the power of density differences and sunlight warms the ground, air molecules
buoyancy to effectively distribute heat near the surface expand and rise due to
throughout a liquid. This continuous buoyancy. This creates a loop where cooler
circulation ensures that warmth isn't just air sinks to replace the rising warm air,
localized at the heat source, but reaches forming convection currents. This
all parts of the liquid, making convection continuous circulation efficiently transfers
a crucial mechanism for heat transfer in heat from the warmed ground throughout
fluids. the atmosphere. These currents influence
wind formation, weather systems like
clouds and storms, and even regulate
temperature distribution, preventing
excessive heat buildup near the sun's rays.
 EMITTERS AND ABSORBERS

• Emitters: An object that releases thermal radiation.

• Absorbers: An object that absorbs thermal radiation incident upon it.
• “black colors is a good absorber and good emitter of heat
radiation
• White and silver colours are bad absorber and emitter of
thermal radiation but good reflector of radiation.
 To cut down on heat spread, a vacuum flask uses
a few smart parts. First, it has an insulated top to
block heat from getting out through touch and
moving air, working as a shield. This stopper
keeps heat from moving from the flask's inside to
REDUCING HEAT LOSS the air around it. Also, the flask has a two-wall
setup with a vacuum-sealed space between.
Taking the air out of this area helps stop heat
from moving by touch and air, as no air means
these ways can't work. Plus, the inside walls of
the flask are shiny, which is good for bouncing
heat back. This shiny layer keeps heat in by
sending the heat that comes out back into the
drink, keeping its heat for a long time. So, the
vacuum flask uses a tight seal, a space with no air,
and shiny walls to fight heat loss through touch,
moving air, and light waves, which makes it great
for keeping drinks hot or cold.
 ROOM INSULATION

Keeping your home comfortable year-round

shouldn't cost a fortune. Stop energy from
escaping in winter and keep the summer heat
at bay – all with a well-insulated house.
Insulation is your secret weapon for saving
money on energy bills while staying cozy in
any season.
 END

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