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    Session 3

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    Data warehouse

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    Session 3

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    bklodo
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    Data warehouse

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    Data warehouse

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1 views23 pages

    Session 3

    Uploaded by

    bklodo
    Data warehouse

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    DCIT 322

    DATABASE MANAGEMENT AND


    ADMINISTRATION

    SESSION 3 – Instance and Init Parameters

    Course Writer: Michael K. Kolugu, Dept. of Computer Sc.


    Contact Information: [email protected]

    College of Basic and Applied Sciences


    School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
    Department of Computer Science
    Session Overview
    • This session brings to bare the knowledge and
    description of the various stages and the processes
    involved in the starting-up and the shutting-down of
    oracle database.

    Slide 2
    Summary of Previous Session

    Slide 3
    Session Outline
    The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows:
    • Starting up and stopping a database instance.
    • Managing database instance
    • Initialization parameter file

    Slide 4
    Startup Options

    Slide 5
    Instance shutdown

    Slide 6
    The Three(3) Shutdown Modes
    1. ABORT: Performs the least amount of work before shutting down.
    Because this mode requires recovery before startup, use it only when
    necessary. It is typically used when no other form of shutdown works,
    or when you need to shut down immediately because of an impending
    situation (such as notice of a power outage within seconds).

    2. IMMEDIATE: Is the most typically used option. Uncommitted


    transactions are rolled back.

    3. TRANSACTIONAL: Allows transactions to finish.


    Slide 7
    The Three(3) Shutdown Modes
    NORMAL: Waits for sessions to disconnect.

    ABORT is the fastest and NORMAL is the slowest.

    NORMAL and TRANSACTIONAL can take a long time depending on


    the number of sessions and transactions.

    Slide 8
    Shutdown Modes (SQL* Plus)

    SQL> shutdown;

    Same results
    SQL> shutdown normal;

    SQL> shutdown transactional;

    SQL> shutdown immediate;

    SQL> shutdown abort;

    Slide 9
    Shutdown Modes (SQL* Plus)
    A I T N
    Allows new connections No No No No
    Waits until current sessions end No No No Yes
    Waits until current transactions end No No Yes Yes
    Forces a checkpoint and closes files No Yes Yes Yes

    So, which one is the fastest yet safe mode to use?

    Slide 10
    Initialization parameters
    • Managing an instance includes configuring parameters
    that affect the basic operation of the instance.

    • These parameters are called initialization parameters.


    • The instance reads initialization parameters from a file at
    startup
    • After being read from a file, initialization parameters are
    retained in memory, where the values for many of them
    can be changed dynamically.

    Slide 11
    Initialization parameters
    • There are two types of files from which these
    parameters can be read:
    – A text initialization parameter file
    • Init<SID>.ora

    – A server parameter file


    • spfile<SID>.ora

    Question: What is SID –(System Identifier) of the database?

    Slide 12
    Server Parameter File:
    • is the preferred type of initialization parameter file,
    • is a binary file,
    • can be written to and read by the database server,
    • must not be edited manually,
    • resides on the server on which the Oracle instance
    is executing
    • is persistent across shutdown and startup,
    • The default name of this file, which is automatically
    sought at startup, is spfile<SID>.ora
    Slide 13
    Text initialization parameter file:
    • can be read by the database server, but it is not written to
    by the server.
    • parameter settings must be set and changed manually by
    using a text editor
    • The default name of this file (which is automatically sought
    at startup if an SPFILE is not found) is init<SID>.ora
    • To create text initialisation file from server parameter file
    use: SQL> create pfile from spfile
    • To create server parameter file from text init file use: SQL>
    create spfile from pfile
    Slide 14
    Types of initialization parameters:
    There are two kinds of initialization parameters:

    • Static - cannot be changed for the current instance. You must change

    these parameters in the text initialization file or server parameter file

    and then restart the database before changes take effect.

    • Dynamic - can be changed for the current Oracle Database instance

    NB: Dynamic parameters can be changed by using the ALTER SESSION

    and ALTER SYSTEM SQL commands

    Slide 15
    Other Types of initialization parameters:

    Initialization parameters can also be:


    ⮚ Basic –parameters that should be considered for every database.
    ⮚ Advanced -extra parameters, that the most databases run well with
    default values.
    ⮚ Derived - meaning that their values are calculated from the values of other
    parameters (Normally, you should not alter values for derived
    parameters).
    ⮚ Operating system dependent - meaning their value depend on the host
    operating system.

    Viewing initialisation parameter values in SQL*Plus: SQL> select name,

    value from v$parameter; Slide 16


    Changing initialization parameters

    Slide 17
    Connecting to the Database

    Slide 18
    What is the Listener?

    Slide 19
    Using the Listener Control Utility

    Slide 20
    Interacting with a Database

    • An instance has started on a machine where Oracle Database is


    installed often called the host or database server. The server also
    runs a listener that has the appropriate Oracle Net Services handler.
    • A user starts an application spawning a user process, which attempts
    to establish a connection to the server.
    • The listener detects the connection request from the application and
    creates a dedicated server process on behalf of the user process.
    • User process communicates with the server process.
    Slide 21
    Things Covered

    • Describe database initialization parameters


    • Learn how to change the values of the initialisation parameters
    • Start and stop the database and components
    • Describe the stages of database startup
    • Describe database shutdown options
    • Discuss database listener

    Slide 22
    Questions

    Slide 23

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