DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM By
[DBMS]
Prof. Vinay
S.Nalawade
SQL & PL-SQL
SQL Introduction
 SQL
Characteristics
•ANSI & ISO
•Manipulation
•Common English Syntax
•Either upper or Lower cases
•Declarative not Procedural
•Powerful
 SQL
Advantages
•High Speed
•Portable
•Well defined Standard
•Supports Object Based
Programming
•Used with all DBMS vendors
 SQL
Advantages
•Used for RDBMS
•Easy to learn & understand
•Complete Language for a
database
•Dynamic
•Programming ,Interactive
 SQL
Advantages
•Multiple data views
•Used in Internet
 SQL
Data types
•CHAR
•VARCHAR
•BOOLEAN
•SMALLINT
•INTEGER or INT
•DECIMAL
 SQL
Data types
•NUMERIC
•FLOAT
•DATE
•TIME
 SQL
Literals
•NUMERIC
•CHARACTERS
•STRINGS
•DATE
•TIME
 SQL
•DDL –
CREATE,ALTER,DROP,RENAME
•DML –
SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE
•DCL –
GRANT,REVOKE
•TCL -
BEGIN,COMMIT,ROLLBACK
 SQL OPERATORS
•Arithmetic
•Comparison
•Logical
•Bitwise
•Compound
 SQL
•Creating Table
•Modifying Table
•Deleting Table
 SQL VIEWS
•Creating Views
•Updating Views
•Dropping Views
 SQL INDEX
•Single Column Index
•Composite Index
•Unique Index
•Implicit Index
 SELECT Overall Form
SELECT <ATTRIBUTE AND FUNCTION
LIST>
FROM <TABLE LIST>
[WHERE <CONDITION>]
[GROUP BY <GROUPING
ATTRIBUTE(S)>]
[HAVING <GROUP CONDITION>]
[ORDER BY <ATTRIBUTE LIST>];

Constructs within box braces are

optional.
 DISTINCT

Use of DISTINCT,ALL

RENAME

Use of AS
 SET OPERATIONS

UNION , INTERSECTION ,
MINUS
 String functions

Use of %, _ With LIKE

 AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS

AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM, COUNT

ORDER BY,GROUP
BY,HAVING
 PREDICATES

•Comparison Predicates

•BETWEEN Predicate

•IN Predicate

•IS NULL Predicate

 JOINS

•Inner Join( Equi Join )

•Outer Join
- Left Outer Join
- Right Outer Join
- Full Outer Join

•Self Join – Tuple Variables

NESTED SUBQUERIES
 Queries

Employee(emp_no, name, skill,

pay_rate)

Position(posting_no, skill)

Duty-allocation(posting_no, emp_no,
day, shift)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get complete details from duty allocation.

- SELECT *
FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get duty allocation details for Emp-no

123461 for the month
of April 1986

- SELECT POSTING_NO, DAY, SHIFT

FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
WHERE EMP_NO=123461 AND
DAY >=19860401 AND DAY <= 19860430
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Find the shift details for employee ‘XYZ’

- SELECT POSTING_NO, DAY, SHIFT

FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION,EMPLOYEE
WHERE
DUTY_ALLOCATION.EMP_NO=EMPLOYEE.EMP_
NO
AND
NAME=‘XYZ’
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get employees whose rate of pay is more

than or equal to the
rate of pay of employee ‘XYZ’

- SELECT S.NAME, S.PAY_RATE

FROM EMPLOYEE AS S, EMPLOYEE AS T
WHERE S.PAY_RATE > =T.PAY_RATE
AND T.NAME=‘XYZ’
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Compare all pairs of posting_nos requiring

the same skill.

- SELECT S.POSTING_NO, T.POSTING_NO

FROM POSITION AS S, POSITION AS T
WHERE S.SKILL = T.SKILL
AND S.POSTING_NO < T.POSTING_NO
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Find employee to fill a position.

- SELECT EMP_NO, POSTING_NO, SKILL

FROM EMPLOYEE, POSITION
WHERE EMPLOYEE.SKILL =
POSITION.SKILL
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get the names & pay_rates of employees with

emp_no less than 123460 whose rate of pay is more
than rate of pay of employee with emp_no greater
than or equal to 123460.

- SELECT NAME, PAY_RATE

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EMP_NO < 123460 AND
PAY_RATE > (SELECT PAY_RATE
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get employees who are working either on the

date 19860419 or 19860420

- SELECT EMP_NO
FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
WHERE DAY = 19860419 OR DAY = 19860420.
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- find the employees with the lowest pay rate

- SELECT EMP_NO , NAME, PAY_RATE

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE PAY_RATE<=ALL
(SELECT PAY_RATE
FROM EMPLOYEE)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get the name of chef paid at the minimum

pay_rate

- SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE SKILL = ‘CHEF’ AND
PAY_RATE<=ALL
(SELECT PAY_RATE
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SKILL = ‘CHEF’)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Find the names and the rate of pay of all

employes who are allocated a duty

- SELECT NAME , PAY_RATE

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
WHERE
EMPLOYEE.EMP_NO=DUTYALLOCATION.EMP_NO)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Find the names and the rate of pay of all

employees who are not allocated duty

- SELECT NAME , PAY_RATE

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
WHERE
EMPLOYEE.EMP_NO=DUTYALLOCATION.EMP_NO)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get employees who are waiters or work at

posting-no 321

- (SELECT EMP_NO FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE SKILL=‘WAITER’)
UNION
(SELECT EMP_NO FROM DUTY ALLOCATION
WHERE POSTING_NO=321)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get employees numbers of persons who work at

posting_no 321 but do not have the skill of waiter

- (SELECT EMP_NO FROM DUTY _ALLOCATION

WHERE POSTING_NO=321)
MINUS
(SELECT EMP_NO
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SKILL =‘WAITER’)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get list of employees not assigned to duty

- (SELECT EMP_NO FROM EMPLOYEE)

MINUS
(SELECT EMP_NO
FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION)
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get list of names of employees with the skill of

chef who are assigned a duty

- SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE

EMP_NO IN
((SELECT EMP_NO FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SKILL = ‘CHEF’)
INTERSECT
(SELECT EMP_NO
 Employee Position

emp_no name skill pay_rate posting_no skill

Duty-allocation

posting_no emp_no day shift

Q- Get a count of different employees on each shift

- SELECT SHIFT, COUNT (DISTINCT EMP_NO)

FROM DUTY_ALLOCATION
GROUP BY SHIFT;
 Queries

Employee(emp_name, street, city)

Works(emp_name, company_name,
salary)

Company(company_name, city)

Manages(emp_name,
manager_name)
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find the names of all employees who work for

FBC

- SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM WORKS
WHERE COMPANY_NAME=‘FBC’
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary emp_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find the names & cities of all employees who

work for FBC

- SELECT EMPLOYEE.EMPLOYEE_NAME , CITY

FROM WORKS, EMPLOYEE
WHERE
EMPLOYEE.EMPLOYEE_NAME=WORKS.EMPLOYEE_N
AME
AND COMPANY_NAME = ‘FBC’
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary emp_name Manager_name

Q- Find the names, street address & cities of

residence of all employees
who work for FBC & earn more than $ 10,000

- SELECT EMPLOYEE.EMPLOYEE_NAME , STREET,

CITY
FROM WORKS, EMPLOYEE
WHERE
EMPLOYEE.EMPLOYEE_NAME=WORKS.EMPLOYEE_N
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find all employees in the database who live in

the same cities as the
companies for which they work.

- SELECT W.EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM WORKS AS W, EMPLOYEE AS E,
COMPANY AS C
WHERE
E.EMPLOYEE_NAME=W.EMPLOYEE_NAME AND
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find all employees in the database who live in

the same cities & on the
same street as do their managers.

- SELECT E.EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E,EMPLOYEE AS T,
MANAGES
WHERE E.EMP_NAME=MANAGES.EMP_NAME
AND E.STREET=T.STREET AND E.CITY=T.CITY
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Fin all employees in the database who do not

work for FBC

- (SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM EMPLOYEE)
MINUS
(SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM WORKS
WHERE COMPANY_NAME = ‘FBC’)
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find all employees in the database who earn

more than every employee of ‘FBC’

- SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM WORKS
WHERE SALARY > SELECT MAX(SALARY)
FROM WORKS
WHERE
COMPANY_NAME = ‘FBC’)
 Employee Company

emp_name Street city Company_name city

Works Manages

emp_name company_name salary employee_name

emp_name Manager_name
Manager
_name

Q- Find all employees in the database who earn

more than average salary of all employees of
their company.

- SELECT T.EMPLOYEE_NAME
FROM WORKS T
WHERE SALARY > (SELECT AVG(S.SALARY)
FROM WORKS S
WHERE
 PL/ SQL

•Product of Oracle corporation.

•Procedural Language SQL.

•Programming Language from Oracle.

•Used for data processing data at Server

side.

•Can be called in SQL *Plus, Forms

6i,Reports 6i,Menus 6i,
Graphics 6i etcs.
 PL/ SQL

•4GL(Supports OOPS).

•Syntax:
Declaration
BEGIN
Block of stmts;
END;
/

• /-is compulsory to end the block which is

called as
terminator.
 PL/ SQL

•Screen i/p & screen o/p not allowed.

•SQL commands which allowed in PL/SQL

are
insert, update, delete, rollback, commit,
savepoint, select.

•DDL commands not allowed within

PL/SQL block.

•SQL *Plus commands not allowed within

PL/SQL block.
 PL/ SQL

•Demos:

•CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

ID NUMBER(4), NAME VARCHAR2(40));

• Table created on which we can create

following PL/SQL
block.
 PL/ SQL

•Demo: Simple PL/SQL block

SQL>
BEGIN
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES(6,'Rahul');
COMMIT;
END;
/
 PL/ SQL

•Demo: Simple PL/SQL block

SQL>
DECLARE
X NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
X:=56;
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES(X,'AMEYA');
END;
/
 PL/ SQL

•Demo: Simple PL/SQL block

SQL>
DECLARE
X NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
SELECT ID INTO X
FROM STUDENT
WHERE NAME = ‘Rahul';
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES(X,'Om');
END;
/
 PL/ SQL

•Demo: Simple PL/SQL block

SQL>
DECLARE
X STUDENT % ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO X
FROM STUDENT
WHERE ID=56;
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES(X.ID,X.NAME);
END;
/
 PL/ SQL

•Demo: Loops in PL/SQL block

SQL>
DECLARE X NUMBER(4):=2;
BEGIN
WHILE X<6
LOOP
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES(X,'GUEST');
X:=X+1;
END LOOP;
END;
/
 PL/ SQL
•Demo: Loops in PL/SQL block
SQL>
DECLARE
X NUMBER(4):=2;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(X,'A');
GOTO ABC;
<<PQR>>
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(X,'C');
X:=X+1;
<<ABC>>
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(X,'B');
IF X < 4 THEN
GOTO PQR;
END IF;
END;
 PL/ SQL
•Demo: PL/SQL Sub - block
SQL>
DECLARE
Z NUMBER(4):=2;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(Z,'BEFORE
SUB');
DECLARE
A NUMBER(4):=3;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(A,'IN SUB');
END;
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(Z,'AFTER
SUB');
END;
 PL/ SQL CURSORS

•Cursor is a variable similar to 2D array.

•Cursor is based on SELECT statement.

•It is used for storing multiple rows.

•It is used for processing , handling

multiple rows.

•It is used for storing data temporarily.

 PL/ SQL CURSORS

•Creating Table for Cursor operations :

CREATE TABLE EMP2(

EMPNO NUMBER(2),
ENAME VARCHAR2(40),
SAL NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
 PL/ SQL CURSORS

•Creating Table for Cursor operations :

CREATE TABLE TEMP(

EMPNO NUMBER(2),
ENAME VARCHAR2(40),
SAL NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Cursor Demo :
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP2;
X EMP2 % ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN C1;
FOR Y IN 1..5
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO X;
INSERT INTO TEMP
VALUES(X.EMPNO,X.ENAME,X.SAL,X.DEPTN
O);
END LOOP;
CLOSE C1;
END;
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Cursor is read only variable.

•You will have to fetch one row at a time

into some
intermediate ‘x’ variable & do the
process with ‘x’
variable.

•For Y in 1..3 called as ranking Report.

•You can only fetch sequentially.

•Closing cursor isn’t compulsory. If we

want to open it again,
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Demo: Cursors with attributes
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP2;
X EMP2 % ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN C1;
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO X;
IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN
EXIT;
END IF;
INSERT INTO TEMP
VALUES(X.EMPNO,X.ENAME,X.SAL,X.DEPTNO);
END LOOP;
CLOSE C1;
END;
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Demo: Multiple cursors
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP2;
CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM TEMP;
BEGIN
FOR X IN C1
LOOP
FOR Y IN C2
LOOP
IF X.EMPNO=Y.EMPNO
THEN
INSERT INTO EMP3
VALUES(X.EMPNO,Y.ENAME,X.SAL,Y.DEPTNO);
END IF;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
END;
/
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Cursor Attributes:
- %found, %notfound
- %rowcount
- %open
eg. IF C1%OPEN THEN
CLOSE C1;
END IF;
•Compulsory things for Cursor operations:
1)Declaration of C1 & variable X
2)Open c1
3)Fetch C1 into X
4)Exit when C1 not found
5)Close C1
 PL/ SQL CURSORS
•Types of Cursors

1)Explicit Cursors
- Programmer created.

- Have to be declared explicitly.

- Used for storing, handling,

processing multiple rows.

- Used for storing data temporarily.

- Used for rows locking manually.

 PL/ SQL CURSORS
2)Implicit Cursors
-Oracle created (system cursor).

- Already available with system.

- Used for checking status for last

DMLstatement.
(weather successful or not)

- Can even get a count of how many

rows affected by
last DML statement.

- Used to maintain logs(audit rails) of

DML
 DATABASE TRIGGERS
•Routine(set of commands) that get
executed automatically
whenever some event takes place.

•Triggers written on tables.

•Events are
BEFORE INSERT , AFTER INSERT
BEFORE DELETE , AFTER DELETE
BEFORE UPDATE , AFTER
UPDATE
 DATABASE TRIGGERS
•Trigger Demo:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TG

BEFORE INSERT ON EMP2
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEMP
VALUES(1,'INSERTING IN EMP2',1,1);
END;
/
 DATABASE TRIGGERS
•Triggers are stored in database in
compiled format.

•Uses:
- Used to maintain Logs(audit
trails).

- All triggers are at Server level.

- You can perform DML operations

using any front
end , trigger always execute.
 DATABASE TRIGGERS
- If your trigger fails, DML operation
on table is
automatically rolled back.

- If your DML operation on table is

failing, then trigger
changes are automatically rolled
back.

- ROLLBACK & COMMIT not allowed

in Trigger.

- Used to maintain summary

 DATABASE TRIGGERS
•Types of Triggers

1)Statement Level Trigger

2)Row Level Trigger(For each row)

•Maximum 12 triggers are possible per

table.
 DATABASE TRIGGERS
•Trigger Demo:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TG

BEFORE INSERT ON EMP2
BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEMP
VALUES(1,'INSERTING IN EMP2',1,1);
END;
/
 STORED PROCEDURES
(USE COMMAND ON MYSQL : DELIMITER // )
•Procedure Demo:

CREATE PROCEDURE DISPLAY(IN R

INTEGER(3))
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM STUD WHERE R=ROLL;
END
//
CALL DISPLAY(4);
 STORED PROCEDURES
•Procedure Demo:

CREATE PROCEDURE DISPLAY1(IN R

INT,OUT NM VARCHAR(40))
BEGIN
SELECT NAME INTO NM FROM STUD
WHERE R=ROLL;
END
//
CALL DISPLAY1(4,@N)//
SELECT @N//
 STORED FUNCTIONS
•Function Demo:

CREATE FUNCTION ANNUALSAL(SAL INT)

RETURNS INT(7)
DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN
DECLARE ASAL INT(7);
SET ASAL=SAL*12;
RETURN ASAL;
END;

SELECT ANNUALSAL(2340) FROM DUAL;

 ROLES & PRIVILEGES

•SYSTEM PRIVILEGES

•OBJECT PRIVILEGES
 EMBEDDED SQL
•Need

•Host variables

•Advantages

•Working

•Syntax

•Open , Fetch, Close Statements

 DYNAMIC SQL
•Need

•Advantages

•Working

•Syntax