Introduction to Java

Presented by
G. Mahesh
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
Bapatla Engineering College
Source: Herbert Schildt , Javatpoint, geeksforgeeks
 Introduction
• Java is a high level programming language that
was originally developed by Sun Microsystems
of USA and released in 1995.
• It was developed by James Gosling
• Java runs on variety of Platform
Ex: Windows, Linux, Unix etc.
• It can be expressed as
WORA – Write once Run Anywhere (The
Compiled java code can run on all platforms)
 History of Java
• Java is a object oriented programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems of
USA in 1991.
• Java was designed for the development of
software to the consumer electronic devices
like TV’s, VCR’s and other electronic machines.
• The goal has a strong impact on the
development to make the language simple,
portable and highly reliable.
Cont….
• The team of the sun Microsystems model their
new language java on C and C++ but remove a
number of features of C and C++ that were
considered as source of problems and thus
made java a really simple, reliable, portable
and powerful language.
 Java Milestones
• In 1990 the Sun Microsystems decided to
develop a special software that could be used
to manipulate consumer electronic devices. A
team of Sun Microsystems headed by James
Gosling to undertake this task.
• In 1991 after exploring the possibilities of
using the most popular object oriented
language C++. The Gosling Team announced a
new language named as OAK.
Cont….
• In 1992 the Team known as Green Project
Team by Sun Microsystems demonstrated the
application of their new language to control a
list of appliances using a handheld devices.
• In 1993 the World Wide Web appeared in the
internet and transform the test based internet
to the graphical rich environment.
Cont…..
• The Green Project Team came up with the
idea of developing web Applet using the new
language that could run on all types of
computers connected to the internet.
• In 1994, the Team developed a Web Browser
called Hot Java. To locate and run applet
program on internet.
Cont.....
• Hot java is the power of new language does
making it instantly popular among the internet
users.
• In 1995, The language OAK was named as
JAVA
• In 1996 java established itself not only as a
leader for the internet programming but also
as a object oriented programming language.
Cont….
• In 1996 the Sun Microsystems releases the Java
Development Kit (1.0) [JDK 1.0]
• In 1997 SMS releases the updated version of
JDK 1.0 called JDK 1.1
• In 1998, SMS releases the Java 2 with version
1.2 of Software development Kit (SDK)
• In 1999 the SMS releases Java 2 platform
Standard Edition [J2SE] and Enterprise Edition
[J2EE]
Cont…..
• In 2000, [J2SE] with [SDK 1.3] was released
• In 2002, [J2SE] with [SDK 1.4] was released
• In 2004, [J2SE] with [JDK 5.0] was released is
known as [J2SE 5.0]
 Types of Applications
1) Standalone Application
• Standalone applications are also known as desktop
applications or window-based applications.
Ex: Media player, antivirus, etc.
2) Web Application
• An application that runs on the server side and
creates a dynamic page is called a web application.
Ex: Servlet, Spring, Hibernate,etc.
Cont….
3) Enterprise Application
• An application that is distributed in nature, such as
banking applications, etc. is called an enterprise
application. It has advantages like high-level
security.
4) Mobile Application
• An application which is created for mobile devices
is called a mobile application. Currently, Android
and Java ME are used for creating mobile
applications.
 Java Platforms / Editions

There are 4 platforms or editions of Java:

1) Java SE (Java Standard Edition)
• It is a Java programming platform. It includes Java
programming APIs such as java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.util,
java.sql, java.math etc. It includes core topics like OOPs, String,
Exception, Inner classes, Multithreading, I/O Stream,
Networking, AWT, Swing, Reflection, Collection, etc.
2) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)
• It is an enterprise platform that is mainly used to develop web
and enterprise applications. It is built on top of the Java SE
platform. It includes topics like Servlet, JSP, Web Services etc.
Cont…..
3) Java ME (Java Micro Edition)
• It is a micro platform that is dedicated to
mobile applications.
 Java Environment
• JDK
• JRE
• JVM
 JRE

• JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime

Environment. It is also written as Java RTE.
• The Java Runtime Environment is a set of
software tools which are used for developing
Java applications.
• JRE Consists of JVM
 JDK

• JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software
development environment which is used to
develop Java applications and applets.
• JDK Consists of JRE + Development tools
(Compiler)
 JVM
• JVM-Java Virtual Machine
• JVM is an abstract machine. It is a specification that
provides runtime environment in which java bytecode
can be executed.
• It is Platform dependent
JVM Does:
• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment
 JDK

Compiler
JRE

JVM
 Compiler
• Java Compiler (JavaC) translates Source code
into Bytecode. The bytecode is Machine
independent. It can run on any machine
(Platform Independent).

Source Code Compiler Bytecode

.Java Javac .Class
Cont….

• JVM translates Bytecode into

Machine Code
Importance of Java to internet
Cont……..
• The internet users can also use the java
enabled browsers to download an applet
located on a computer anywhere in the
internet and run those applets on local
Computer.
Note: An interconnection between two or more
systems or devices called as networks. These
are connected in a logically or physical
manner.
Cont....
Internet:
• Several networks are connected together
• Network of Networks
• According to federal networking council
internet can be defined as Global information
System.
World Wide Web(WWW)

• World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a

collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers
and connected to local computers through the internet.
• These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios,
videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites
from any part of the world over the internet using their
devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.
• Software Application
• Makes it easy for anyone to publish and browse web pages
on the internet.
Key points
• Java associated with internet
• Very first program (hot java)
• Hot java was a Web browser
• Browser is a software application
1.View web pages
2.Send and Receive E-Mails
3. Run Applets
Data Types
• Data Types are the Special types of keywords
which are used to introduce the data to the
compiler.
• Each variable in java has a data type
• Data type Specifies the Size and the type of
values that can be stored
• Data types are classified into two types
Cont….
• 1. Premitive data type (intrinsic)

• 2. Non premitive dat type (Derived)

How to Set Path
• Step-1: Download the JDK Software
• Step-2: Goto C-Drive-Program files-java-jdk-Bin
• Step-3: Copy the link address
• Step-4: Goto Control Panel-System and
Security--Systems—Adavanced system settings-
Environment variables-User variables-new-copy
the link address (Windows 7)
Cont…..
• Step-4: Goto Control Panel-System and
Security--Systems—Adavanced system
settings- Environment variables-System
variables- select path-Edit-new-copy the link
address (Windows 10)
Type Casting
• In Java, type casting is a method or process
that converts a data type into another data
type in both ways manually and automatically.
The automatic conversion is done by the
compiler and manual conversion performed
by the programmer.
Types of Type Casting

There are two types of type casting:

• Widening Type Casting
• Narrowing Type Casting
Widening Type Casting

• Converting a lower data type into a higher one

is called widening type casting. It is also
known as implicit conversion or casting
down. It is done automatically. It is safe
because there is no chance to lose data.
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -
> double
It takes place when
• Both data types must be compatible with each
other.
• The target type must be larger than the source
type.
Example:
class WideningTypeCastingExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 7;
//automatically converts the integer type into long type
long y = x;
//automatically converts the long type into float type
float z = y;
System.out.println("Before conversion, int value "+x);
System.out.println("After conversion, long value "+y);
System.out.println("After conversion, float value "+z);
}
}
Output
Before conversion, the value is: 7 After
conversion, the long value is: 7 After
conversion, the float value is: 7.0
Narrowing Type Casting

• Converting a higher data type into a lower one

is called narrowing type casting. It is also
known as explicit conversion or casting up. It
is done manually by the programmer. If we do
not perform casting then the compiler reports
a compile-time error.
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -
> byte
data type variable1= (data type) variable2
Example:
public class NarrowingTypeCastingExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double d = 166.66;
//converting double data type into long data type
long l = (long)d;
//converting long data type into int data type
int i = (int) l;
System.out.println("Before conversion: "+d);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into long type: "+l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into int type: "+i);
}
}
Output
• Before conversion: 166.66
• After conversion into long type: 166
• After conversion into int type: 166
Java Support Systems
• The operation of java and java enabled
browsers on the internet requires a variety of
supporting systems.
Hardware and software Requirements:
 Command Line Arguments
• The java command-line argument is an argument
i.e. passed at the time of running the java program.
• The arguments passed from the command prompt
can be received in the java program and it can be
used as an input.
• So, it provides a convenient way to check the
behavior of the program for the different values.
You can pass N (1,2,3 and so on) numbers of
arguments from the command prompt.
Cont….
class CommandLineExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Your first argument is: "+arg
s[0]);
}
}
Cont…..
class A{
public static void main(String args[]){

for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);

}
}
 Java Control Statements (or) Control Flow in Java

• Java compiler executes the code from top to

bottom. The statements in the code are
executed according to the order in which they
appear.
• Java provides statements that can be used to
control the flow of Java code. Such statements
are called control flow statements.
Cont…..
Java provides three types of control flow statements.
• Decision Making statements
– if statements
– switch statement
• Loop statements
– do while loop
– while loop
– for loop
– for-each loop
• Jump statements
– break statement
– continue statement
Decision-Making statements:

• As the name suggests, decision-making

statements decide which statement to execute
and when. Decision-making statements
evaluate the Boolean expression and control
the program flow depending upon the result
of the condition provided.
• There are two types of decision-making
statements in Java, i.e., If statement and
switch statement.
1) If Statement:

• In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a

condition. The control of the program is
diverted depending upon the specific
condition. The condition of the If statement
gives a Boolean value, either true or false.
• In Java, there are four types of if-statements
given below.
Cont……
• Simple if statement
• if-else statement
• if-else-if ladder
• Nested if-statement
1) Simple if statement:

• It is the most basic statement among all control

flow statements in Java. It evaluates a Boolean
expression and enables the program to enter a
block of code if the expression evaluates to true.
• Syntax of if statement is given below.
if(condition)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
Example:
public class Student
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10;
int y = 12;
if(x+y > 20)
{
System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
}
}
}
2) if-else statement

• The if-else statement is an extension to the if-

statement, which uses another block of code,
i.e., else block.
• The else block is executed if the condition of
the if-block is evaluated as false.
Syntax:

if(condition)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when condition is false
}
 public class Student
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10;
int y = 12;
if(x+y < 10)
{
System.out.println("x + y is less than 10");
} else
{
System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");
}
}
}
o/p: x + y is greater than 20
3) if-else-if ladder:

• The if-else-if statement contains the if-

statement followed by multiple else-if
statements.
Syntax of if-else-if statement

if(condition 1)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
}
else if(condition 2)
{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
}
 public class Student {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String city = "Delhi";
if(city == "Meerut") {
System.out.println("city is meerut");
}else if (city == "Noida") {
System.out.println("city is noida");
}else if(city == "Agra") {
System.out.println("city is agra");
}else {
System.out.println(city);
}
}
}
Output:
Delhi
4. Nested if-statement

• In nested if-statements, the if statement can

contain a if or if-else statement inside another
if or else-if statement.
Syntax of Nested if-statement

if(condition 1) {
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
if(condition 2) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}
}
Switch Statement:

• In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-

else-if statements. The switch statement
contains multiple blocks of code called cases
and a single case is executed based on the
variable which is being switched.
• The switch statement is easier to use instead
of if-else-if statements. It also enhances the
readability of the program.
Cont….
• Default statement is executed when any of the
case doesn't match the value of expression. It
is optional.
• Break statement terminates the switch block
when the condition is satisfied.
• While using switch statements, we must
notice that the case expression will be of the
same type as the variable. However, it will also
be a constant value.
Syntax :

switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
.
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
default statement;
}
 public class Student
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 2;
switch (num)
{
case 0:
System.out.println("number is 0");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("number is 1");
break;
default:
System.out.println(num);
}
}
}
Output:
2
Loop Statements

• In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block

of code repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true.
However, loop statements are used to execute the set of
instructions in a repeated order. The execution of the set of
instructions depends upon a particular condition.
• In Java, we have three types of loops that execute similarly.
However, there are differences in their syntax and condition
checking time.
1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop
for loop:

• In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It

enables us to initialize the loop variable, check
the condition, and increment/decrement in a
single line of code.
• We use the for loop only when we exactly
know the number of times, we want to
execute the block of code.
Syntax:
for(initialization, condition, increment/
decrement)
{
//block of statements
}
 public class Calculattion {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sum = 0;
for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++)
{
sum = sum + j;
}

System.out.println("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " + sum)

;
}
}
Output:
The sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55
for-each loop:

• Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse

the data structures like array or collection. In
the for-each loop, we don't need to update
the loop variable. The syntax to use the for-
each loop in java is given below.
Syntax:
for(data_type var : array_name/
collection_name)
{
//statements
}
 public class Calculation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\
n");
for(String name:names)
{
System.out.println(name);
}
}
}
Output:
Printing the content of the array names: Java C C++ Python
JavaScript
while loop

• The while loop is also used to iterate over the

number of statements multiple times.
However, if we don't know the number of
iterations in advance, it is recommended to
use a while loop. Unlike for loop, the
initialization and increment/decrement
doesn't take place inside the loop statement in
while loop.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
//looping statements
}
 public class Calculation
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 0;
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \
n");
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i = i + 2;
}
}
}
do-while loop:
• The do-while loop checks the condition at the
end of the loop after executing the loop
statements. When the number of iteration is
not known and we have to execute the loop at
least once, we can use do-while loop.

• It is also known as the exit-controlled loop

Syntax:
do
{
//statements
} while (condition);
 public class Calculation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;

System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even n

umbers \n");
do {
System.out.println(i);
i = i + 2;
}while(i<=10);
}
}
Jump Statements:

• Jump statements are used to transfer the

control of the program to the specific
statements. In other words, jump statements
transfer the execution control to the other
part of the program.
• There are two types of jump statements in
Java, i.e., break and continue.
Java break statement

• As the name suggests, the break statement is used

to break the current flow of the program and
transfer the control to the next statement outside
a loop or switch statement. However, it breaks
only the inner loop in the case of the nested loop.
• The break statement cannot be used
independently in the Java program, i.e., it can only
be written inside the loop or switch statement.
public class BreakExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
if(i==6) {
break;
}
}
}
}
Java continue statement

• Unlike break statement, the

continue statement doesn't break the loop,
whereas, it skips the specific part of the loop
and jumps to the next iteration of the loop
immediately.
public class ContinueExample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i = 0; i<= 2; i++) {
for (int j = i; j<=5; j++) {
if(j == 4) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(j);
}
}
}

}
Output: