Unit 11

ESTIMATION COSTING & VALUATION
CREDIT: 3 1 0
UNIT 1. Estimation
Fundamentals 07(L)
Importance of estimation, different types of estimates, general and detailed
specifications. Methods of Estimation: Items of work for estimates, units and
measurement of items.
UNIT 2. Detailed Estimation of Buildings and Analysis of

Rates 07(L)
Detailed estimates of a single roomed and a two roomed single storey residential
building. Estimates of Steel Framed Industrial Building:, Analysis of rates,
material and other cost considerations. Resource planning through analysis of rates,
market rates, PW.D. Schedule rates, non scheduled items and cost indices for
building material and labour.
UNIT 3. Establishments, Organization Structures and Standard Work
Procedures 07(L)
Organization set up for various works departments. Duties and responsibilities of
officers. Administrative, Technical and Financial approvals,
System of P.W. accounts, Cash and cash book, Temporary advance, Stores, Issue
of stores, Material at site account, Measurement and standard measurement
book. Release of payments. Defect Liability considerations.
UNIT 4. Valuation of
Assets
07(L)
Standard Terminology, Factors affecting the values of property. Methods of
valuation, years purchase, capitalized value and depreciation. Standard rent,
free hold and lease hold propriety, Mortgage and easement.
UNIT 5. Estimation for Mechanized Construction and Infrastructure
Projects 07(L)
Estimation for mechanized construction including slip forming pumped concreting.
Equipment costs and productivity analysis. Estimation of highways /irrigation/
airways projects including cross drainage structures.
UNIT 6. Computer Aided Estimation and

Costing 05(L)
Application of computer software for estimation and costing.
References:
1.Chakraborty M., "Estimating costing and valuation in Civil Engg., Principle and
applications (Authors Publication, Kolkata )
2.Frederick E. Gould.“Managing the Construction Process Estimating, Scheduling
and Project Control”, Pearson Education
3.B.N. Dutta “Estimating & Costing in Civil Engineering,” UBS Publishers &
Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4.CPWD Works Manual 2012.
UNIT 1.
Estimation Fundamentals
Importance of estimation, different types of estimates,

general and detailed specifications. Methods of Estimation:
Items of work for estimates, units and measurement of
items.
Why We need estimate in Civil Works?
•Estimating is the most important of the practical aspects of
construction management, and the subject deserves the
closest attention of one aspiring to a career in the profession.
• It is a comparatively simple subject to understand; however,

as it brings one up against practical work, methods and
procedure, knowledge of it cannot be acquired without close
application.
What is an estimate?
An estimate is a calculation of the quantities of various items of work,
and the expenses likely to be incurred thereon.
The total of these probable expenses to be incurred on the work

is known as estimated cost of work. The estimated cost of a work
Is close approximation of its actual cost.
The agreement of the estimated cost with the actual cost
will depend on accurate use of estimating methods and
correct visualization of the work, as it will be done.
Importance of correct estimating is obvious.
Underestimating may result in the client getting an

unpleasant shock when tenders are opened and drastically
modifying or abandoning the work at that stage.
Over estimating may lose the engineer or estimator his

client or his job, or in any case his confidence.
Purpose of Estimating:
To give a reasonably accurate idea of the cost
An estimate is necessary to give the owner a reasonably accurate idea of the
cost to help him decide whether the works can be undertaken as proposed or
needs to be curtailed or abandoned, depending upon the availability of funds
and prospective direct and indirect benefits. For government works proper
sanction has to be obtained for allocating the required amount. Works are often
let on a lump sum basis, in which case the Estimator must be in a position to
know exactly how much expenditure he is going to incur on them.
1. Estimating Materials
From the estimate of a work it is possible to determine what materials and in
what quantities will be required for the works so that the arrangements to
procure them can be made.
2. Estimating Labor
The number and kind of workers of different categories who will have to be
employed to complete the work in the specified time can be found from the
estimate.
3. Estimating Plant
An estimate will help in determining amount and kind of equipment needed to
complete the work.
4. Estimating Time
The estimate of a work and the past experience enable one to estimate quite
closely the length of time required to complete an item of work or the work as
a whole.
Whereas the importance of knowing the probable cost needs no emphasis,
estimating materials, labor, plant and time is immensely useful in planning and
execution of any work.
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

(1)Preliminary or Approximate estimate.
(2)Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
(3)Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
(4)Detailed estimate.
(5)Annual repair estimate.
(6)Special repair estimate.
(7)Revised estimate
(8)Supplementary estimate
Annual Repair Estimate:
Special Repair Estimate
Revised Estimate:
Supplementary Estimate:
Data Required for Preparing an Estimate:
In order to prepare a detailed estimate the estimator must have

with him the following data:
1. Plans, sections and other relevant details of the work.
2. Specifications indicating the exact nature and class of

materials to be used.
3. The rates at which the different items of work are carried out.
To enable an estimator to take out the quantities accurately, the
drawings must themselves be clear, true to the fact and scale,
complete, and fully dimensioned. The estimator has also to bear
in mind certain principles of taking out quantities.
Steps in Preparation of an Estimate:
There are three clearly defined steps in the preparation of an estimate.
1 . Taking out quantities
In the first step of taking out quantities, the measurements are taken off from the
drawings and entered on measurement sheet or dimension paper. The
measurements to be taken out would depend upon the unit of measurement. For
example, in the case of stone masonry in superstructure, length, thickness and
height of the walls above plinth level would be taken out from the drawings and
entered on the measurement sheet, whereas, in the case of plastering only the
lengths and heights of the walls would be entered. Obviously, the unit of
measurement in the first case is cubic meter and that in the second case is square
meter.
2. Squaring out
The second step consists of working out volumes, areas, etc. and casting up their total in
recognized units.
3. Abstracting
In the third step all the items along with the net results obtained in the second step are
transferred from measurement sheets to specially ruled sheets having rate column ready
for pricing.
The second and third steps above are known as working up. All calculations in these stages
and every entry transferred should be checked by another person to ensure that no
mathematical or copying error occurs.
Specifications:
Necessity of Specification:
How to Write Specifications
Type of Specifications:
a) General Specifications b) Detail Specifications
Short Wall
Long Wall
Long wall L = Center Line length + 2*(1/2 wall width)

Short wall B = Center Line length - 2*(1/2 wall width)

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ESTIMATION COSTING & VALUATION

UNIT 2. Detailed Estimation of Buildings and Analysis of

UNIT 6. Computer Aided Estimation and

Importance of estimation, different types of estimates,

• It is a comparatively simple subject to understand; however,

The total of these probable expenses to be incurred on the work

Importance of correct estimating is obvious.

Underestimating may result in the client getting an

Over estimating may lose the engineer or estimator his

The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

In order to prepare a detailed estimate the estimator must have

1. Plans, sections and other relevant details of the work.

2. Specifications indicating the exact nature and class of

Long wall L = Center Line length + 2*(1/2 wall width)

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