Newton Raphson Method
Newton Raphson Method
Newton Raphson Method
Method
f ( x i)
x f x f(xi )
i, i xi 1 = xi -
f (xi )
f ( x i-1 )
x i+ 2 x i+ 1 xi X
AB
f(xi) B tan(
AC
f ( xi )
f ' ( xi )
xi xi 1
C A X f ( xi )
xi+1 xi xi 1 xi
f ( xi )
4
Step 1
5
Step 2
xi
Use an initial guess of the root, , to estimate the
new value of thexi root,
1 , as
f xi
xi 1 = xi -
f xi
6
Step 3
a
Find the absolute relative approximate error as
xi 1- xi
a = 100
xi 1
7
Step 4
Compare the absolute relative approximate error
with the pre-specified relative error tolerance .
s
Go to Step 2 using
Yes
new estimate of the
Is a s ? root.
8
Example 1
You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET COMPANY’
that makes floats for ABC commodes. The floating
ball has a specific gravity of 0.6 and has a radius of
5.5 cm. You are asked to find the depth to which
the ball is submerged when floating in water.
12
Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 1 f xi
xi 1 = xi -
The estimate of the root is f xi
f x0
x1 x0
f ' x0
0.05
0.053 0.1650.05 3.993 10 4
2
30.05 0.330.05
2
1.118 10 4
0.05
9 10 3
0.05 0.01242
0.06242
13
Example 1 Cont.
15
Example 1 Cont.
f xi
xi 1 = xi -
f xi
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
f x1
x2 x1
f ' x1
0.06242
0.062423 0.1650.062422 3.993 10 4
30.06242 0.330.06242
2
3.9778110 7
0.06242
8.90973 10 3
0.06242 4.4646 10 5
0.06238
16
Example 1 Cont.
2 m
The maximum value of m for whicha 0.5 10 is
2.844. Hence, the number of significant digits at least
correct in the answer is 2.
18
Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
f x2
x3 x2
f ' x2
0.06238
0.062383 0.1650.062382 3.993 10 4
30.06238 0.330.06238
2
4.44 10 11
0.06238
8.91171 10 3
0.06238 4.9822 10 9
0.06238
19
Example 1 Cont.
21
Advantages and
Drawbacks of Newton
Raphson Method
22
Advantages
Converges fast (quadratic
convergence), if it converges.
Requires only one guess
23
Drawbacks
1. Divergence at inflection points
Selection of the initial guess or an iteration value of the
x function
root that is close to the inflection point off the
may start diverging away from the root in ther Newton-
Raphson method.
f x x 1 0.512 0
3
26
Drawbacks – Oscillations near
local maximum and minimum
3. Oscillations near local maximum and minimum
27
Drawbacks – Oscillations near
local maximum and minimum
Table 3 Oscillations near local 6
f(x)
maxima and mimima in Newton- 5
Raphson method.
Iteration
Number xi
f xi a % 4
3
0 –1.0000 3.00 3
28
Drawbacks – Root Jumping
4. Root Jumping
f x
In some cases where the function is oscillating and has a
number of roots, one may choose an initial guess close to a root.
However, the guesses may jump and converge to some other
1.5
root. f(x)
1
For
f xexample
sin x 0 0.5
x
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x0 2.4
Choose 7.539822 -0.06307
-0.5
0.5499 4.461 7.539822
x 0 -1
of f(x)=x2+2x -2 ,x0=0
Stop iteration if error is less than
0.1%.
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