Extinction 2
Extinction 2
Extinction 2
Extinction
The Definition and Causes
Extinction ?
What is Extinction?
Extinction
It
is a scientific certainty when there are not any surviving individuals left to reproduce occurs Extinction
Causes of Extinction
Genetics
and Demographics
Causes Cont.
Habitat
Degradation
One of the most influential Has many causes Some due to humans Some due to other factors
Habitat Degradation
Toxicity
Kills off species directly through food/water Indirectly via sterilization Can occur in short spans (a single generation) Can occur over several generations
Increasing toxicity Increasing competition for habitat resources
Biological magnification ?
increase
in concentration of a substance in organisms body that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of: a. Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes) b. Food chain c. Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to water-insolubility)
Habitat Degradation
Destruction
of Habitat
Causes Cont.
Predation
Competition Disease
Mass
Predation
Introduction
of predators
Transported by humans
Cattle, rats, zebra muscles, etc Sometimes on purpose, sometimes not
Coextinction
The
loss of one species leads to the loss of another Chain of extinction Can be caused by small impacts in the beginning A predator looses its food source Affected by interconnectedness in nature
Mass Extinction
A
sharp decrease in the number of species on Earth in a short period of time There have been at least 5
Mass Extinction
Nearly
2/3rds (or more) of all animal species that ever existed on the planet are now gone.
With contemporary extinction being attributed to HUMAN activity.
Numerous
Mass Extinctions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
CretaceousCretaceous-Tertiary Extinction (65). End Triassic Extinction (200). Permian Triassic Extinction (250). Late Devonian Extinction (364). OrdovicianOrdovician-Silurian Extinction (440).
(#= millions of years ago)
Planned Extinction
Human
Polio
Near extinct (only in small parts of the world)
www.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.html
Asteroids
Causes
complete devastation ( damage ) Flattening and crater at or around impact sitesitehundreds of miles wide ( kawah ) Reverberations felt around the world Getaran di mana2)
Cosmic Radiation
www.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.html
Acid Rain
Kills
Disease/Epidemics
Can
wipe out entire species ( menghilangka spesies ) Frog with fungus disease Killing frogs and other amphibians
Natural factors usually occur at a slower rate and therefore cause a low extinction rate. Human activities occur at a faster rate and cause higher extinction rates. Human activities are mostly responsible for the present extinction rates.
http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/sustain/extinct.pdf
Top Human Causes of Extinction: Increased human population Destruction/Fragmentation of habitat Pollution Climate change/Global warming
Based on these, and other studies done by The international Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), human induced extinctions are not necessarily a new phenomena. However, extinction by humans today is becoming much more rapid.
The rapid loss of species today is estimated by some experts to be between 100 and 1,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate, while others estimate rates as high as 1,000-11,000 times higher.
Habitat Degradation
Habitat loss and degradation affect 86% of all threatened birds, 86% of mammals and 88% of threatened ( terancam ) amphibians
Their studies also suggest isolated climates such as the Peruvian Andes could change drastically enough to lead to species extinctions. The climate change might also create new climates, providing new opportunities for other species to thrive, Williams said. Regions where novel climates are expected to form in tropical and subtropical regions include the western Sahara, southeastern U.S. and eastern India.
Extinction Hotspots
HOTSPOT ?
A specific location that has enormous species diversity but is also under threat from human activities is known as a biodiversity hot spot. spot. Biodiversity hotspots are areas that support natural ecosystems that are largely intact and where native species and communities associated with these ecosystems are well represented. represented. They are also areas with a high diversity of locally endemic species, which are species that are not found or are rarely found outside the hotspot. hotspot.
The concept of biodiversity hotspots was penned by British ecologist Norman Myers in 1988 as a means to address the dilemma of identifying the areas most important for preserving species. (national geographic) Hotspots are included in 6 continents excluding Antarctica. Hotspots are heavily distributed along shore lines and near the equator.
Hotspots
including
Hotspots
can be added and removed from the classification of hotspot by what recovery or lack of prevention is taking place in each area.
region must support at least 1,500 plant species found nowhere else in the world, and it must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life forms for a given biome or ecosystem
Benefits of Biodiversity
Food
and drink Medicines Industrial materials Ecological services Leisurely, cultural, and aesthetic values
Pollution Loss of tropical forest Spread of urban areas Warfare Large dam construction Road building Tourism Loss of traditional lifestyles
Loss of food Decrease in biomass Collapse of food web Reduction of ecosystem efficiency and community productivity Loss of medicinal supplies Increased vulnerability of species to disease and predation
Crops
Monoculture
of crops lets the yield become susceptible to pests or viruses 75% of crop varieties are extinct Due to the spread of modern agriculture
Cover 13% of Earth Home to 50% of all known plant and animal species FAO reports 15.4 million hectares are destroyed annually
Since it was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, 189 countries have signed and implemented it. The United States signed it in 1993 but has yet to put it into action still today
References
Ceballos, G., and Ehrlich, P., 2002, Mammal Population Losses and the Extinction Crisis: Science, v. 296, p. 904-908. 904Fahrig, L., 2002, Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: A Synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 12, p. 346-353. 346Gittleman, J., The Risk of ExtinctionWhat you dont know will hurt you: Science, v. Extinction 291. Petcchey, O.L., and Gaston, K.J., Extinction and the loss of functional diversity: They Royal Society, p. 1721-1727. 1721Rutledge, D., Lepczyk, C., Xie, J., Liu, J., 2001, Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Endangered Species Hotspots in the United States: Conservation Biology, v. 15, p. 475- 487. 475Kent, Holsinger. "The Causes of Extinction." 27 Aug. 2005. 12 Mar. 2007 <http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/eeb310/lecture<http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/eeb310/lecture-notes/extinctions/node3.html>. Madeley, J., Warnock, K., 1995, Biodiversity: A Matter of Extinction: The challenge of protecting the Souths biological heritage <http://www.panos.org.uk/pdf/reports/ biodiversity.pdf>.
Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of Conservation Biology: Recommended Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society for Bald Eagle. US Fish and Wildlife Service <http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i/b/msab0h.html>. Conservation Biology: Conservation Biology <http://www.conbio.org/Resources/Education/conservation_literacy_english.pdf>. Extinction. Lecture by Bruce Walsh at University of Arizona, 1995. <http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB105/lectures/extinction/extinction.html>.
References
Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of Conservation Biology: Recommended Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society for Bald Eagle. US Fish and Wildlife Service <http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i/b/msab0h.html>. Conservation Biology: Conservation Biology <http://www.conbio.org/Resources/Education/conservation_literac y_english.pdf>. Extinction. Lecture by Bruce Walsh at University of Arizona, 1995. <http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB105/lectures/extinctio n/extinction.html>.