Module-2

Energy Efficiency In Electrical

• Electricity Billing. Systems
• Electrical Load Management And Maximum Demand.
• Maximum Demand Controllers & Power Factor Improvement
• Automatic Power Factor Controllers
• Efficient Operation Of Transformers & Energy Efficient
Motors.
• Soft Starters & Variable Speed Drives.
• Performance Evaluation Of Fans And Pumps.
• Flow Control Strategies And Energy Conservation
Opportunities In Fans And Pumps.
• Electronic Ballast.
• Energy Efficient Lighting And Measures Of Energy Efficiency
In Lighting System.
 Electricity Billing
• Tariff: Cost / Unit of energy supplied to customer
• Flat rate: Uniform rate for the energy consumed
• Block rate: Tariff for energy is based on blocks.
• 2 Part: Minimum charges + energy charges
• 3 part: MD+ energy charges+power factor charges
• TOD – Time of day : cost / unit is based on time of energy
drawn
• ABT: Availability Based Tariff : cost / unit is based on frequency
• LT consumer-230V, 1phase 50Hz-minimum charges+ energy
charges
• HT consumer-440V, 3phase 50Hz - MD charges + energy
charges.
• Procedure: present reading-previous month reading=energy
 Electrical Load Management

• Load management is defined as

“sets of objectives designed to
control and modification enables
the supply system to meet the
demand at all times in most
economic manner”.
• Load management is a powerful
means of efficiency improvement both
for end users and as well as utility.
• As a demand charges constitute a
considerable portion of electricity bill,
from user angle too there is a need for
integrated load management to
effectively control the Maximum
demand.
 What is MD?

• Maximum demand is the highest level

of electrical demand monitored in a
particular period usually for a month
period.
 Maximum Demand Control
• It is the largest current normally
carried by circuits, switches and
protective devices.
• it does not include the levels of
current flowing under over load
conditions.
• KVA = KW / Cosɸ
 Maximum Demand Controllers
• It is an energy efficient electrical device
which helps in controlling the kW
demand during high power usage
periods by shedding non critical loads.
• Substantial amount of electricity bill can
be saved by controlling power usage,
switch off non essential loads during
such periods.
 Power Factor Improvement
What is power factor and how it is evaluated in the electrical
system?
Power Triangle
Differentiate between ‘contract demand’
and ‘maximum demand’?
• Contract demand is the amount of
electric power that a customer
demands from utility in a specified
interval (Unit used is kVA or kW)
• while the maximum kW and or kVA
requirement over a billing cycle is
called as maximum demand
 Power Factor Improvement
• Definition of power factor
• Methods of improving power factor:
• Most economical power factor
• Advantages of improving power factor
• Numerical on power factor
improvement
 Power Factor Improvement

T he electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and

distributed in the form of alternation current. Therefore, the question of
power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of the loads (ex.
induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power
factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current,
resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system from
power station generator down to the utilization devices
Improvement of Power factor
What is ‘Reactive power’ and ‘Active power’?
Reactive power (kVAr) is the portion of the
apparent power that does no work.
This type of power must be supplied to all
types of magnetizing equipment, such as
motors, transformers etc. larger the
magnetizing requirement, larger the kVAr.
Active power is the work producing part
of the apparent power.
 Causes of Low power Factor:

• Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view.

• Normally, the power factor of the whole load on the supply
system is less than 0.8 lagging.
The following are the causes of low power factor:
• Most of the AC motors are of induction type (1 ф and 3
ф induction motors) which have low lagging power
factor.
• The 3 ф induction motors work at a power factor
which is extremely small on light load (0.2 to 0.3) and
rises to around 0.8 lagging at full load and
• Power factor of 1ф induction motors are about 0.6
lagging at full load.
• Transformers draw a magnetizing current from
the line. This current lags the voltage at an angle
900
• Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and
industrial heating furnaces, welding equipment
operate at low lagging power factor.
• The load on the power system is varying; being
high during morning and evening and low at other
times.
• During low load period, supply voltage are
increased which increases the magnetization
current. This results in the decreased power
factor.
(i) Large kVA rating of equipment: The electrical machinery (e.g. Alternators,
transformers and switchgear) is always rated in kVA, Now
KW
Cos∅
KVA =

It is clear that kVA rating of the equipment is inversely proportional to power factor. The
smaller the power factor .the larger is the kVA rating Therefore, at low power factor,
the kVA rating of the equipment (Size of the equipment) has to be made more, making
the equipment larger and expensive.

(ii) Greater conductor size :To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at
constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low power factor. This
necessitates large conductor size. Cost the of conductor required for Transmission and
Distribution will increases.
(iii)Large copper losses:The large current at low lagging power factor causes more I2
R losses in all the elements of the supply system. This results in poor efficiency. Since
𝑝𝑙
R∝ 𝐴

Where 𝑅= 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑃= 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑙 = 𝐿𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

(iv) Poor voltage regulation:The large current at low lagging power factor
causes greater voltage drops in alternators, transformers , transmission lined and
distributors .This results in the decreased voltage available at the receiving end thus
Voltage regulation is more , poor voltage at the receiving impairing the performance of
utilization devices. In order to keep the receiving end voltage within permissible limits,
extra equipments (i.e. voltage regulators) is required. According to bureau of Indian
standards the voltage regulation should not vary + or – 5%
(v) Reduced handling capacity of system : The lagging power factor reduces the
handling capacity of all the elements of the system .it is because the reactive component
of current prevents the full utilization of installed capacity. There fore Active power
supplied by alternators and transformers reduces. The above discussion leads to the
conclusion that low power factor is an objectionable feature in the supply system
5.5 Power Factor Improvement:
The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the power loads are
inductive and, therefore, take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor,
some device taking leading currents should be connected in parallel with the load. One of
such devices can be a capacitor. The capacitor draws a leading current and party or
completely neutralizes the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the
power factor of the load.

Figure 5.5
5.6(a) Static capacitors:
The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the
equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally know as static
capacitor) draws a leading current and party or completely neutralises the lagging
reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load. For three
phase loads the capacitors can be connected in delta or star shown in Fig 5.6 (a) static
capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories.
5.6(a) Static capacitors:
The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the
equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally know as static
capacitor) draws a leading current and party or completely neutralises the lagging
reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load. For three
phase loads the capacitors can be connected in delta or star shown in Fig 5.6 (a) static
capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories.
Advantages & Disadvantages of static capacitors
Advantages
• They have low losses.
• They require little maintenance as there are no rerating parts.
• They can be easily installed as they are light and require no
foundation.
• They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions.
Disadvantages
• They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years.
• They are easily damages if the voltage exceeds the rated
value.
• Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is
uneconomical.
5.6(b) Synchronous condenser:
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore behave as a
capacitor. An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as
synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply. It
takes a leading current which party neutralizes the lagging reactive component of the
load. Thus the power factor is improved.
 Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages
• By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can
• be changed by any amount this helps in achieving steeples control of power
factor.
• The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents.
• The faults can be removed easily.
Disadvantages
• There are considerable losses in the motor.
• The maintenance cost is high.
• It produces noise.
• Except in sizes above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than of static capacitors of the
• same rating.
• As a synchronous motor has no self starting torque, therefore, auxiliary
equipment
• has to be provided for this purpose.
 Phase Advancers:
• Phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of induction
motors.
• The low power factors of an induction motor are due to the fact
that its stator winding draws exciting current which lags behind the
supply voltage by 900.
• If the exciting ampere turns can be provided from some
other a.c source, then the power factor of the motor can
be improved.
• This job is accomplished by the phase advancer which is simply an
a.c exciter. The phase advancer is mounted on the same shaft as
the main motor and is connected in the rotor circuit of the motor.
• It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuits at slip
frequency .By providing more ampere turns than required, the
induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor
like an over excited synchronous motor.
 Phase advancers:
• Phase advancers have two principal advantages.
• Firstly, as the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip
frequency, therefore, lagging kVAR drawn by the motor are
considerably reduced.
• Secondly, phase advancer can be conveniently used where
the use of synchronous motors is inadmissible
• However; the major disadvantage of phase advancers is that
they are not economical for motors. Below 200 H.P.
• Along with the above mentioned devices automatic power
factor control devices are also available in the market,
• now a days most of the HT customers are connected AFC
across their load.
 Automatic Power Factor Controls
APFC

• Various types of automatic power factor

controls are available with relay / microprocessor
logic.

• Two of the most common controls are: Voltage

Control and kVAr Control
 Voltage Control
• Voltage alone can be used as a source of intelligence when
the switched capacitors are applied at point where the
circuit voltage decreases as circuit load increases.
• Generally, where they are applied the voltage should
decrease as circuit load increases and the drop in voltage
should be around 4 – 5 % with increasing load.
• Voltage is the most common type of intelligence used in
substation applications,
• When maintaining a particular voltage is of prime
importance. This type of control is independent ofload
cycle.
• During light load time and low source voltage, this may
give leading PF at the substation, which is to be taken note
 Intelligent Power Factor Controller (IPFC)
• This controller determines the rating of
capacitance connected in each step during
the first hour of its operation and stores
them in memory. Based on this
measurement, the IPFC switches on
• The most appropriate steps, thus eliminating
the hunting problems normally associated
with capacitor switching.
 Most Economical Power Factor:

• The value to which the power factor should be improved

so as to have maximum net annual saving is known as
the most economical power factor:
• Consider a consumer taking a peak load of P kW at
power factor of cosф1 and charged at a rate of Rs A per
kVA of maximum demand per annum. Suppose the
consumer improves the power factor.
• To cosф2 by installing pf correction equipment. Let
expenditure incurred on the pf correction equipment be
Rs. B per kVAR per annum. The power triangle at the
original pf cos ф1 is OAB and for the improved pf cos ф2 it
is OAC
 d
൛൫Ap൫secф1 − secф2൯ − Bp(tanф1 − tanф2)൯ൟ = 0
𝑑ф2

d d d d
൫Ap secф1൯ − (Apsecф2) − (Bp tanф1) − (Bp tanф2) = 0
𝑑ф2 𝑑ф2 𝑑ф2 𝑑ф2

0-AP sec ф2tanф2- 0-Bp sec2ф2= 0

-A tanф2- secф2= 0
B
Tanф2= secф2
A
B
Sinф2=
A

ට 1 − sin2ф2 = 1 − ( )2
B
𝐴
Most economical power factor, cosф2 =
It may be noted that he most economical power factor (cosф2) depends upon the relative
costs of supply and pf. correction equipment but is independent of the original pf. cosф1.
Example
1. A single phase motor connected to 400
V 50 Hz supply takes 31.7A at a power
factor of 0.7 lagging(45.6Deg). Calculate
the capacitance required in parallel with
the motor to raise the power factor to 0.9
lagging(25.8).
 Numerical-2
• Example: An alternator is supplying a load of
300 kW at a pf 0.6 lagging . If the power
factor is raised to unity. How many more
kilowatts can alternator supply for the same
kVA loading?
Example.2. An alternator is supplying a load of 300 kW at a pf 0.6
lagging . If the power factor is raised to unity. How many more
kilowatts can alternator supply for the same kVA loading?

Solution: kVA=kw/(cost ∅)=300/0.6=500 kVA

KW at 0.6 pf =300 kW
KW at 1 pf; 500 x 1 = 500 kW
Increased power supplied by the alternator
=500 – 300 = 200 kW
Note: importance of power factor improvement.
1. When the pf of the alternator is unity. The 500 kVA are also 500
kW and the engine driving the alternator has to be capable of
developing this power together with the losses in the alternator.
2. But when the power factor of the load is 0.6 the power is only
300kW Therefore, the engine is developing only 300kW through
the alternator is supplying its rated output of 500 kVA
 Automatic power factor controller
• Automatic power factor controller is designed to
improve power factor automatically whenever
power factor falls below a certain level.
• As you know demand of electrical energy is
increasing day by day.
• More and more inductive loads are being used in
industry and domestic applications.
 How APFC works?
• APFC Panel has microcontroller based
programmable controller which switches
the capacitor banks of suitable capacity
automatically in multiple stages by
directly reading the reactive load (RKVA)
which works in the principle of VAR
sensing tends to maintain the PF to 0.99
Lag.
Energy Efficient Transformers
what is energy efficiency transformer ?

• High-efficiency transformers make financial

benefits for the society.
• Other than diminished greenhouse gas
emissions, they progress reliability and
deliver possibly longer benefit life by
bringing down temperature rises through
energy-efficiency advancements.
• India has, by presently, received the universal
IEC standards as well as presented star naming
for chosen categories of transformers.
• Most power losses happen within the
transformer core made up of magnetic steel or
within the electrical coils or windings of either
aluminium or copper.
• Copper diminishes load loss, since it could be a
more proficient conductor.
• Cooling and optimum load on transformer
further increases the efficiency.
 what is energy efficiency level 2 transformer ?
• The significant Indian standard for distribution
transformers (DTs) IS:1180/1989 has been changed
within the year 2014 as IS:1180 (Part1)/2014 by
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).
• This standard advance prescribes numerous
reviewing with respect to vitality effectiveness, i.e.
three energy-efficiency levels: level 1, level 2 and
level 3 of transformers comparing to 3 star, 4 star
and 5 star named transformers separately, as
endorsed by BEE (moreover as per CEA, central
electricity authority required rules).
Energy Efficient Transformer
Lower temperature rise limits are acceptable but it might
increase the cooling equipment cost.
 IS-1180
• Star Rating Distribution
Transformers with Energy efficiency
level 2 as per IS 1180:2014 (Part I)
• Maximum Ambient Temperature=45°C
• Oil temperature Rise: 35°C
• Winding Rise: 40°C
• Tap switch: NIL(For 16 KVA to 100 KVA)
• Type Of Winding Aluminum wound Off
circuit Tap switch: +5% to -5% @ 2.5%
(For 160 & 200 KVA)
IS-1180- Evaluation Guide Lines
b) Three phase distribution transformers Higher than
200 KVA up to and including 2500 KVA, 11KV Class
 ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS

• An Energy Efficient Motor (EEM) is a

motor that gives you the same output
strength by consuming lesser amounts
of power.
 ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
EEM is manufactured using the same frame as a
standard motor, but they have some differences:
1. Higher quality and thinner steel laminations in
the stator
2. more copper in the winding
3. Optimized air gap between the rotor and the
stator
4. Reduced fan losses
5. Closer machining tolerances
6. High quality aluminum used in rotor frame
 Energy Efficient Motors
• Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run
cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National
Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the
same size.
• To effectively evaluate the benefits of high efficiency
electric motors, we must define "efficiency". For an
electric motor, efficiency is the ratio of mechanical
power delivered by the motor (output) to the
electrical power supplied to the motor (input).
• Efficiency = (Mechanical Power Output / Electrical
Power Input) x 100%
• Thus, a motor that is 85 percent efficient
converts 85 percent of the electrical energy input
into mechanical energy.
• The remaining 15 percent of the electrical
energy is dissipated as heat, evidenced by a rise
in motor temperature.
• Energy efficient electric motors utilize improved
motor design and high quality materials to
reduce motor losses, therefore improving motor
efficiency.
• The improved design results in less heat
dissipation and reduced noise output.
 Energy Efficient Motors

• Most electric motors manufactured prior to 1975

were designed and constructed to meet minimum
performance levels as a trade-off for a low
purchase price.
• Efficiency was maintained only at levels high enough
to meet the temperature rise restrictions of the
particular motor.
• In 1977, the (NEMA) recommended a procedure for
labelling standard three-phase motors with an
average nominal efficiency.
• These efficiencies represent an industry average for
a large number of motors of the same design.
Energy Efficient Motors
Energy Efficient Electrical Systems

Soft Starters
Soft Starters
Soft Starters,
Energy efficient electrical systems

Variable speed drives

 Variable speed drives

• A variable speed drive is a device used in

electromechanical drives to control the
speed and torque of an AC motor by
adjusting the motor's input frequency
and voltage. Variable speed drives may
be either electric, hydraulic, mechanical
or even electronic.
 Variable Speed Drives

• Variable speed drives (VSDs), also called

variable frequency drives, are a valuable tool for the energy
manager.
• Typically the VSD system consists of a three-phase AC
induction motor and a variable frequency power supply.
• The variable frequency power supply uses solid state
components to produce a pulse-width modulated current
that varies the power and frequency supplied to the motor.
• This enables accurate control of the motor speed over a
broad range.
• VSDs are used in connection with pump and fan
applications to vary the pump or fan speed according to
demand, often with large savings in energy use.
 Variable Speed Drives
• Although, variable speed drives are expensive, they provide
almost infinite variability in speed control.
• Variable speed operation involves reducing the speed of the
fan to meet reduced flow requirements.
• Fan performance can be predicted at different speeds using
the fan laws.
• Since power input to the fan changes as the cube of the flow,
this will usually be the most efficient form of capacity control.
• However, variable speed control may not be economical for
systems, which have infrequent flow variations.
• When considering variable speed drive, the efficiency of the
control system (fluid coupling, eddy-current, VFD, etc.) should
be accounted for, in the analysis of power consumption.
 Pulsed Width Modulation

• VSDs operating on the pulsed width modulation

(PWM) principle are widely used in other industries
because of their lower costs.
• They use inexpensive rectifiers with diodes and
inverters with IBGTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors).
• The output voltage of these VSDs takes the form of a
series of voltage pulses, each of the same magnitude
but having a different, controlled width.
• The output frequency is controlled by adjusting the
number of pulses per cycle (called the “carrier
frequency”) and the output voltage is controlled by the
width of the pulses.
Variable Speed Drives
 Performance Evaluation Of Fans And Pumps

• Variable frequency drives (VFDs)

• Energy-efficient motors
• Parallel pumping systems
• Avoid oversizing the pump
• Stop motors when not in use
• Monitor and correct drive chain
components
• Use pressure switches
• Eliminate unnecessary use
 Performance Evaluation of Fans And Pumps

• What are the various factors which can affect

fan performance?
Many factors influence the efficiency of a fan.
These include motor efficiency, blade speed,
housing design, clearance between the fan
blades and fan housing, and blade shape.
 What is fan performance curve?

• Fan curves are simply graphs showing fan

performance, normally with air volume on the
horizontal “x” axis, and pressure on the
vertical “y” axis. ... For a fan driven by an
electric motor, the input voltage remains the
same throughout the test.
Performance Evaluation of Fans And Pumps
Introduction:
• Fans and blowers provide air for ventilation and
industrial process requirements.
• Fans generate a pressure to move air (or gases)
against a resistance caused by ducts, dampers, or
other components in a fan system.
• The fan rotor receives energy from a rotating
shaft and transmits it to the air.
Difference between Fans, Blowers and Compressors
• Fans, blowers and compressors are
differentiated by the method used to move
the air, and by the system pressure they
must operate against.
• As per American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME)
• The ratio of the discharge pressure over the
suction pressure – is used for defining the
fans, blowers and compressors
Difference between Fans, Blowers and Compressors
 Fan Types
• Fan and blower selection depends on the
volume flow rate, pressure, type of
material handled, space limitations, and
efficiency. Fan efficiencies differ from
design to design and also by types.
Typical ranges of fan efficiencies are
given in Table
 Fan Types
• Fans fall into two general categories: centrifugal
flow and axial flow.
• In centrifugal flow, airflow changes direction
twice - once when entering and second when
leaving.(forward curved, backward curved or
inclined, radial)
Fan Types
Flow Control Strategies and Energy
Conservation Opportunities in Fans
and Pumps
Factors to be considered in the selection of flow control methods
 Fan Performance Assessment

• The fans are tested for field performance by

measurement of flow, head, temperature on
the fan side and electrical motor kW input on
the motor side
 Air flow measurement
Static pressure:
• Static pressure is the potential energy put into
the system by the fan.
• It is given up to friction in the ducts and at the
duct inlet as it is converted to velocity
pressure.
• At the inlet to the duct, the static pressure
produces an area of low pressure (see Figure
5.15).
 Velocity pressure
• Velocity pressure is the pressure along the line
of the flow that results from the air flowing
through the duct. The velocity pressure is used
to calculate air velocity
 Total Pressure
• Total pressure is the sum of the static and velocity
pressure. Velocity pressure and static pressure can
change as the air flows though different size
ducts, accelerating and decelerating the Velocity.
• The total pressure stays constant, changing only
with friction losses.
 Total Pressure
• The illustration that follows shows how the total
pressure changes in a system.
• The fan flow is measured using pitot tube manometer
combination, or a flow sensor (differential pressure
instrument) or an accurate anemometer.
• Care needs to be taken regarding number of traverse
points, straight length section (to avoid turbulent flow
regimes of measurement) up stream and downstream
of measurement location.
• The measurements can be on the suction or discharge
side of the fan and preferably both where feasible.
 Fan Efficiency
• Fan manufacturers generally use two ways to
mention fan efficiency:
• mechanical efficiency (sometimes called the total
efficiency) and static efficiency.
• Both measure how well the fan converts
horsepower into flow and pressure.
• The equation for determining mechanical efficiency
is: mmwc(millimeter water column)
Fan efficiency
 Measurement by Pitot tube
• The Figure 5.16 shows how velocity pressure is
• measured using a pitot tube and a manometer.
• Total pressure is measured using the inner tube of
pitot tube and static pressure is measured using
the outer tube of pitot tube.
• When the inner and outer tube ends are
connected to a manometer, we get the velocity
pressure.
• For measuring low velocities, it is preferable to use
an inclined tube manometer instead of U tube
manometer.
Measurement by Pitot tube
Fan Performance Evaluation and
Efficient System Operation
Fan Performance Evaluation and Efficient System Operation
• “The system resistance varies with the square of the
volume of air flowing through the system”.
System Characteristics and Fan Curves
Flow Control Strategies: Pulley Change
 Flow Control Strategies: Pulley Change
• When a fan volume change is required on a permanent basis,
and the existing fan can handle the change in capacity, the
volume change can be achieved with a speed change.
• The simplest way to change the speed is with a pulley
change.
• For this, the fan must be driven by a motor through a v-belt
system.
• The fan speed can be increased or decreased with a change
in the drive pulley or the driven pulley or in some cases, both
pulleys.
• As shown in the Figure 5.10, a higher sized fan operating with
damper control was downsized by reducing the motor (drive)
pulley size from 8" to 6". The power reduction was 15 kW
 control strategies and
Energy Conservation Opportunities In Fans And Pumps:
Minimizing demand on the fan
1. Minimizing excess air level in combustion systems
to reduce FD fan and ID fan load.
2. Minimizing air in-leaks in hot flue gas path to
reduce ID fan load, especially in case of kilns, boiler
plants, furnaces, etc. Cold air in-leaks increase ID
fan load tremendously, due to density increase of
flue gases and in-fact choke up the capacity of fan,
resulting as a bottleneck for boiler / furnace itself.
3. In-leaks / out-leaks in air conditioning systems also
have a major impact on energy efficiency and fan
power consumption and need to be minimized.
 Energy Conservation Opportunities In Fans And Pumps:
Minimizing demand on the fan
• The findings of performance assessment trials will
automatically indicate potential areas for improvement,
which could be one or a more of the following:
• Change of impeller by a high efficiency impeller along with
cone.
• Change of fan assembly as a whole, by a higher efficiency
fan
• Impeller de-rating (by a smaller dia impeller)
• Change of metallic / Glass reinforced Plastic (GRP)
impeller by the more energy efficient hollow FRP (fibre
reinforced plastic) impeller with aerofoil design, in case of
axial flow fans, where significant savings have been
 Energy Conservation Opportunities In Fans And Pumps:
Minimizing demand on the fan
• Fan speed reduction by pulley dia modifications for
derating Option of two speed motors or variable
speed drives for variable duty conditions.
• Option of energy efficient flat belts, or, cogged raw
edged V belts, in place of conventional V belt
systems, for reducing transmission losses.
• Adopting inlet guide vanes in place of discharge
damper control.
• Minimizing system resistance and pressure drops by
improvements in duct system
 Energy Conservation
Opportunities in Pumping
Systems
 What is a pump?
• It is a Device that raises, transfers, delivers, or
compresses fluids or that attenuates gases
especially by suction or pressure or both
 Introduction
• Pumps come in a variety of sizes for a wide range
of applications.
• They can be classified according to their basic
operating principle as dynamic or displacement
pumps.
• Dynamic pumps can be sub-classified as
centrifugal and special effect pumps.
• Displacement pumps can be sub-classified as
rotary or reciprocating pumps.
 Introduction
• In principle, any liquid can be handled by any of
the pump designs.
• Where different pump designs could be used,
• The centrifugal pump is generally the most
economical followed by rotary and reciprocating
pumps.
• Although, positive displacement pumps are
generally more efficient than centrifugal pumps,
the benefit of higher efficiency tends to be offset
by increased maintenance costs.
 Energy Conservation Opportunities in Pumping Systems

■ Ensure adequate NPSH at site of installation

■ Ensure availability of basic instruments at pumps like
pressure gauges, flow meters.
■ Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
■ Modify pumping system and pumps losses to minimize
throttling.
■ Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed
drives or sequenced control of multiple units.
■ Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start for an
on-line spare or add a booster pump in the problem area.
Energy Conservation Opportunities in Pumping
Systems
• Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher
pressures.
• Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce
pumping rates in case of heat exchangers.
• Repair seals and packing to minimize water loss by
dripping.
• Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce
pump power requirements.
• Avoid pumping head with a free-fall return
(gravity); Use siphon effect to advantage:
Energy Conservation Opportunities in Pumping
Systems
Conduct water balance to minimize water
consumption
• Avoid cooling water re-circulation in
1. DG sets
2. Air compressors,
3. Refrigeration systems
4. Cooling towers feed water pumps,
5. Condenser pumps and
6. Process pumps.
Energy Efficient Electrical Systems

Electronic Ballast
 What is the function of Ballast?
• A ballast is a device that is used with
fluorescent and other discharge lamps
to provide the required current and
voltage.
• The primary function in the arc lamp is
to provide the lamp with high voltage
and/or cathode heating during start-up,
and then to stabilize the arc by limiting
the electrical current to the lamp.
 Electronic Ballast
A Representational Image of an Electronic Ballast Lamp
 Electronic Ballast
• It is a device which controls the starting voltage and
the operating currents of lighting devices built on
the principle of electrical gas discharge.
• It refers to that part of the circuit which limits the
flow of current through the lighting device and may
vary from being a single resistor to a bigger,
complex device.
• In some fluorescent lighting systems like dimmers,
it is also responsible for the controlled flow of
electrical energy to heat the lamp electrodes.
Electronic Ballast
 Issues with Electronic Ballasts:
• Alternating currents can generate current spikes near the
voltage maximums producing high harmonic current in
case of electronic ballasts.
• This is a problem not just for the lighting system, but also
might cause additional problems like stray magnetic
fields, corrosion of pipes, interference with the radio and
television equipment and even malfunction of IT
equipment.
• High harmonic content may also cause overloading of
transformers and neutral wires in three phase systems.
• A higher flicker rate might go unnoticed by the human
eye, but can cause problems with infra-red remote
controls used in home multimedia devices like TVs.
 Issues with Electronic Ballasts:
• Intelligent documentation and design of ballasts makes it
possible to reduce the interference be minimized in the
frequency bands which are used in applications.
• However, there are some uncharted nooks in the
frequency spectrum which are not used in any application
and most of the disturbances by ballasts in this region are
generally not documented and neglected giving a cleaner
picture on paper than it actually is.
• Electronic ballasts do not have circuitry to survive power
surges and overloads.
• Not only that, electronic ballasts have an initial high cost,
which might be a thorn in the eye of impulsive customers,
though they more than make up for that high cost in the
long run.
 Advantages
• But some well publicized failures of early ballasts and
disadvantages should not be cloud the judgment of buyers.
• The technology has come a long way from a failure rate of
about 20-30% a few years ago to less than 1% now.
• Ballast reliability ages like wine, the more time it spends in
service, the lesser are its chances of failing.
• The first six months are like incubation period for the
electronic ballast, if it survives them, life expectancy
increases to 10 or 12 years.
• The output of the lamps degrades more slowly when used
with electronic ballasts as compared to magnetic ballasts.
• A plot of performance comparing the electronic and
magnetic ballast is shown below:
Energy Efficient Lighting & Measures Of
Energy Efficiency In Lighting System.
 Energy Efficient Lighting & Measures Of Energy
Efficiency In Lighting System.
• Energy efficient lighting includes the use of more
illumination from less power lights by replacing
high power consumption lights like incandescent,
high discharge lamps, etc.
 What is the Need for Energy Efficient Lighting?

• Lighting is the basic requirement of any

facility and it impacts the day-to-day
activities of the people.
• This accounts a considerable amount of
total energy consumption in domestic,
commercial and industrial installations.
 What is the Need for Energy Efficient Lighting?

• In industries, energy consumption for lighting

constitutes only a small component of the total
energy consumed, which is nearly 2-5 percent of
total energy consumption.
• It accounts for 50 to 90 per cent in the domestic
sector and
• It may go up to 20-40 percent in case of
commercial /building sectors, information
technology complexes, and hotels.
 What is the Need for Energy Efficient Lighting?
• Due to the high energy consumption, traditional
incandescent lamps and high discharge lamps have
to be substituted with energy efficient lamps.
• Traditional lamps not only consume large amounts
of electric power, but they use much of its
consumed energy to produce heat rather than light
(for instance 90% of consuming energy in case of
incandescent lamps).
• With the installation of energy efficient lighting, the
amount of energy consumption eventually will get
reduced and it results in lower electricity bills.
Hence the energy efficient lighting is necessary

• To reduce electricity consumption,

thereby reduces the electricity bills
• To save electricity rather than wasting in
terms of losses.
• To lower greenhouse emissions because
conventional lamps cause CO2 emissions.
• To achieve peak load reduction
 Question Bank
1. What do you mean by maximum Demand? With a
neat sketch explain how Maximum Demand
controller works.
2. Enumerate the methods available for power factor
improvement? List the causes for low power factor?
3. Explain any one method of improvement of power
factor in detail with vector diagram and schematic
diagram.
4. Explain briefly about Automatic power factor
control
 Model-2 -completed

Thank you