PERSONALITY

What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual
reacts and interacts with others.

Personality Traits
Enduring
characteristics that
describe an
individual’s behavior.
 Defining Some Terms
• Personality: A person’s unique pattern of thinking,
emotion, and behavior; the consistency of who you
are, have been, and will become
• Character: Personal characteristics that have been
judged or evaluated
• Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality,
including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and
distractibility
• Personality Traits: Stable qualities that a person
shows in most situations
• Personality Type: People who have several traits in
common
 DEFINATION

“Personality is the sum total of ways in which an

individual REACTS;

and INTERACTS with others.”

Combines of a set of physical and mental

characteristics that reflect how a person looks,
thinks, acts and feels.
Predictable relationships are expected between
people’s personalities and their behaviors.
 Determines of Personality

Heredity Environment Situation Family Social

A great deal of personality formation can come from

our religion beliefs , culture, place of upbringing,
Physical Characteristics, Gender too.
 ““the
the mind
mind is
is like
like an
an iceberg
iceberg –– 1/3
1/3 is
is hidden”
hidden”

Conscious Awareness Unconscious

small part above surface below the surface
(Preconscious) (thoughts, feelings,
wishes, memories)

Repression
banishing unacceptable
thoughts & passions to
unconscious
Dreams & Slips
The Inter-correlation of Traits
Types of Personality Theories

1. Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up

personality and how they relate to actual behavior
2. Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
3. Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective
experience and personal growth
4. Social-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality
to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
 Trait Theories

Descriptive terms like determined, flamboyant , inclined to make

quick decisions are “traits”

Allport’s Theory- Distinctive & personal forms of behaviors

 Mostly adjectives that describe how people act, think, perceive &
feel.
 Three levels of generality

Cardinal Traits- Dominant and all individual action can be traced to

them

Central Traits- Characterizing an individual’s behavior to some

extent but not in such a complete way as cardinal traits

Secondary traits-influential but only within a narrow range

 Psychoanalytic Theory

1. Structure of the personality comprising of the id, ego, superego.

2. Personality dynamics in which conscious and unconscious

motivation and ego-defense mechanisms play an important role.

3. Theory of psychosexual development in which different motives

and bodily regions influence the child at different stages of
growth.
 Psychoanalytic Theory…..
• Id
– Functions on ‘pleasure principle’
– Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension &
discomfort regardless of consequences
• Superego
– Functions on ‘idealistic principle’
– Our moral guide/conscience
– Influenced by internalizing our parents’ values & the voice of
society
– Works against the Id by inflicting guilt
• Ego
– Functions on ‘reality principle’
– Serves to balance the demands the Id and the Superego
– Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the Id
and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem acceptable)
– Ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself
Personality is result of the battle for control
between id, ego & superego

Conscious
Ego

Superego Preconscious

Unconscious

Id
 Learning and Behavioral Theories


Behaviors that make up our personality are conditioned or
learned


Current conditions help maintain this behavior


Main focus is on testing their theories hence focus on observable
behaviors


Dollard and Miller gave the basic idea that social behavior and
individual behavior can be explained by means of basic learning
principles


Neurosis explained as an outcome of conflict on being attracted
and repelled by a course of action.
 Conscientiousnes
Extroversion s

Agreeablenes
s
Openness to
Emotional Experience
stability
 The Big Five Model of
Personality
Extroversion
Dimensions
Sociable, outgoing, and confident

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous,
depressed, and insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and creative thinker.
 Extraversion

Agreeableness

The
Big Five
Conscientiousness
Personality
Model

Emotional Stability

Openness to Experience
 Extraversion

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

Emotional stability
Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft hearted
Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded
Relaxed, secure, unworried
2.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extrovert (E)
Type of Social
Interaction Introvert (I)

Preference for Sensing (S)

Gathering Data Intuitive (N)

Feeling (F)
Preference for
Decision Making Thinking (T)

Perceptive (P)
Style of
Decision Making Judgmental (J)
 The Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator
A personality test that taps four characteristics
and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality
types.

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
• •Extroverted
Extrovertedvs.
vs.Introverted
Introverted(E (EororI)I)
• •Sensing
Sensingvs.
vs.Intuitive
Intuitive(S
(SororN)
N)
• •Thinking
Thinkingvs.
vs.Feeling
Feeling(T
(TororF)
F)
• •Judging
Judgingvs.
vs.Perceiving
Perceiving(P(PororJ)J)
 ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
“Take Your Time “On My Honor, to “Catalyst for “Competence +
and Do It Right” Do My Duty…” Positive Change” Independence =
Perfection”

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

“Doing the Best I “It’s the Thought “Still Waters Run “Ingenious
Can With What That Counts” Deep” Problem Solvers”
I’ve Got”

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

“Let’s Get Busy!” “Don’t Worry, Be “Anything’s “Life’s
Happy” Possible” Entrepreneurs”

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

“Taking Care of “What Can I Do “The Public “Everything’s
Business” For You?” Relations Fine – I’m in
Specialist” Charge”
Extraversion Introversion
Interest Orientation

E Talkative, Shy, I
Sociable, Reserved,
Friendly, Quite,
Outspoken
Sensing Intuition
Perception

S Organised, Less Regular, N

Practical, Unconscious,
Focus Detail. Focus Big
Picture
Thinking Feeling
Judgment

T Reliability of
logical order
Priorities
based on
F
– cause and personal
effect, Apathy importance
and values,
Sympathy
Judgment Perception
Environment Orientation

J Judging
attitude –
Spontaneity –
Curious,
P
Control of awaiting
events and events and
systematic adapting to
planning them,
Flexible
 3. RORSCHACH INK BLOT
TEST/ STRUCTURED-OBJECTIVE
RORSCHACH TEST(SORT)

Inkblots similar to those used on the Rorschach. What do

you see?
4. THEMATIC APPRECIATION
TEST (TAT)
This is a picture like
those used for the
Thematic
Apperception Test. If
you wish to simulate
the test, tell a story
that explains what led
up to the pictured
situation, what is
happening now, and
how the action will
end.
As per 11th Edition
 Locus Authoritarian Self-Esteem
of Control

Key
Machiavellian Self
Personality
Personality Monitoring
Attributes

Risk Type A
Propensity Proactive Personality Personality
 Locus of Control

 Locus of control: The degree to which

people believe they are masters of their own
fate

Internal locus of control:

control
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.

 External locus of control:

control One’s life
outcomes attributed to environmental factors
such
as luck or fate.
Relationship Between LOC & some
other factors
Job Satisfaction

LOC Absenteeism

Turnover
 FACTORS INTERNALS EXTERNALS

Job Satisfaction Satisfied More dissatisfied

Absenteeism Less absenteeism Depends on their

luck or chance

Turnover No clear Depends on their

relationship luck or chance

As per 11th Editio

 Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.

HIGH MACS are:

• Pragmatic
• Maintains emotional distance
• Believes that ends can justify the means
• Manipulate more
• Win more
• Persuaded less Conditions Favoring High Machs
• Persuade others more
Conditions Favoring High Machs
••Direct
Directinteraction
interaction
••Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations
••Emotions
Emotionsdistract
distractfor
forothers
others

As 11th per Edition

 Self Esteem
• The degree to which a person likes or dislikes himself
• It is directly related to expectations for success

2 TYPES:

1. High Self Esteem

• They believe that they possess the ability they need to succeed
at work
• Will take more risks in job selection
• And more likely to choose unconventional jobs than people with
low self esteem
• They will not be susceptible to the external influences
• They are more satisfied with their job
2. Low Self Esteem:

• They seek appreciation from others

• Seek approval from others and try to conform to the beliefs and
behaviors of those they respect

• They try to please others and therefore they would not take
unpopular stands than high Self Esteemed employees
• Ability to adjust one’s behavior to external situational factors

• Capable of presenting striking contradictions between their

public persona & private self

• Tend to pay closer behavior of others & more capable of

conforming than low self monitoring

• Capable of putting different “faces” for different audiences

• High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions
– Use less information to make decisions
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
• Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions
– Require more information before making decisions
– Exist in larger organizations with stable
environments
• Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
 Type A Personality

Of the ABC personality types, these are the folks that are always in a hurry, impatient to
see results and come across as aggressive in their interpersonal relationships because they
believe it’s a “dog eat dog world” out there. Type A’s are very competitive and show it at
work in their levels of tension and agitation.
Their personalities are a mix of right- and left-brained dominance. They are risk taking,
inflexible and private people who become hostile easily when they are criticized.

Type B Personality

Of the ABC personality types, the Type B’s live in the moment and don’t mind waiting for
just the right time to take action. They are friendly types who believe that the world is both
good and bad, but that there are more good people than bad in it. They tend to be their own
biggest competitors, thinking “I can do better than this”.
Their personalities are right-brain dominated. Being intuitive, spontaneous and patient,
they are open to criticism, and when angry they tend to use humor to make their point.

Type C Personality

Of the ABC personality types, the Type C’s are future oriented but like to take their time,
patiently weighing the pro’s and con’s before they make decisions. They tend to be
introspective and enjoy studying themselves, and others, in great detail. They are very
much at home figuring out what to expect from future events, even though they believe that
if something can go wrong it will. They’re uncomfortable with personal or intimate
conversations.
Their personalities are mostly left-brained. When Type C’s are angry they become resentful
and may give the “silence treatment” to those with whom they are angry. They want to be
leaders but their lack of openness and risk aversion are obstacles.
The term “Type D Personality” is used to describe several different personality
types, which can sometimes be confusing, since, on occasion, the term describes
entirely different personality traits. As a general rule, psychologists describe people
with distressed personalities as “Type D,” but the term can also be used in the A, B, C,
D personality framework, in which case it can describe someone who is reliable, but
who has little motivation or creativity. Furthermore, the term may also be used to
describe someone with a very results-driven, direct personality, just to add to the
chaos.

In the sense of a distressed personality, a Type D Personality is a personality which is

characterized by a tendency towards negativity. Someone with a Type D Personality
may experience a lot of stress, anger, worry, aggression, tension, and other negative
and distressing emotions. Classically, this personality type is also characterized by
low self-esteem and social inhibitions, and a tendency towards depression.
Example of Personality Type
 Personality & Job-Fit Theory
(Holland)
Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
Identifies six personality
••Realistic
Realistic
types and proposes that
the fit between ••Investigative
Investigative
personality type and ••Social
Social
occupational
••Conventional
Conventional
environment determines
satisfaction and ••Enterprising
Enterprising
turnover. ••Artistic
Artistic
 Holland’s Personality-Job Fit Theory

Type Personality Occupations

Mechanic, Farmer,
Realistic Shy, Stable, Practical
Assembly-Line Worker

Biologist, Economist,
Investigative Analytical, Independent
Mathematician

Social Worker,
Social Sociable, Cooperative
Teacher, Counselor

Accountant, Manager
Conventional Practical, Efficient
Bank Teller

Enterprising Ambitious, Energetic Lawyer, Salesperson

Painter, Writer,
Artistic Imaginative, Idealistic
Musician
IN AN ORGANIZATION
DOMINANT PERSONALITY:
• Be clear, direct, and to the point when you interact.

• Avoid being too personal or talking too much about non-work items.

• Let them know what you expect of them. If you must direct them, provide choices

that give them the opportunity to make decisions to satisfy their need to be "in

control.

• Accept their need for variety and change. When possible, provide new challenges,

as well as opportunities to direct the efforts of others.

• The High D person is motivated by personal control through direct

communication. Compliment them for results they achieve.

• They are "bottom line" oriented. Ask them about their career plans and timetables

for achieving success. Show how they can get results by helping you get results.
INFLUENCING PERSONALITY:

• You'll need to communicate more with people of this style, and it'll often involve

social interaction.

• Give them lots of your time.

• Compliment them.

• Ask about things going on in their lives outside of work.

• Let them share with you their goals at work and elsewhere.

• Link your objectives to their dreams and goals.

STEADY PERSONALITY:

• Acknowledge that their efforts help others.

• Provide opportunities for them to cooperate with others on the team to achieve desired

results.

• Provide specific direction and offer assurances when necessary.

• When implementing change, be sure to lay out a systematic, step-by-step procedure and draw

out their concerns and worries about the situation. They need to feel secure.

• Assure them that you've thought things through before initiating changes. Give them a plan to

deal with problems when they occur.

CONSCIENTIOUS PERSONALITY:

• Opportunities to demonstrate their expertise.

• Plenty of details.

• Enough time to prepare for meetings properly.....especially if they have an item on

the agenda to present.

• Situations where their systematic approach will contribute to long-term success.

THANK YOU………