ANIMAL KINGDOM

K C MEENA
PRINCIPAL
KV JAMALPUR
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
 LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
 Cellular level of organization – Sponge
 Tissue level
 Organ level
 Organ system level
 Digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single
opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth
and anus, and is hence called incomplete. A complete
digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus.
 Circulatory system may be of two types:
 Open type in which the blood is pumped out of the heart and
the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it and
 Closed type in which the blood is circulated through a series
of vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins and
capillaries).
SYMMETRY
 Asymmetrical - any plane that passes
through the centre does not divide them
into equal halves. Ex. Sponges Radial symmetry

 Radial symmetry -When any plane passing

through the central axis of the body
divides the organism into two identical
halvesEx. Coelenterates, ctenophores and
echinoderms have this kind of body plan.
Bilateral symmetry

 Bilateral symmetry - Animals like

annelids, arthropods, etc., where the body
can be divided into identical left and right
halves in only one plane, exhibit
 Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation
 Diploblastic animals - Animals in which the cells are arranged
in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an internal
endoderm, e.g., coelenterates.
 An undifferentiated layer, mesoglea, is present in between the
ectoderm and the endoderm.
 Triploblastic animals - Those animals in which the developing
embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the
ectoderm and endoderm.e.g. (platyhelminthes to chordates

(a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic

 COELOM
 The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom.

 Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g.,

annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates
and chordates .

 In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm,

instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in
between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is
called pseudocoelom and the animals possessing them are
called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes .

 The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called

acoelomates, e.g., platyhelminthes .
sectional view of : (a) Coelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c)
Acoelomate
SEGMENTATION
In some animals, the body is externally and
internally divided into segments with a serial
repetition of at least some organs. For example, in
earthworm, the body shows this pattern called
metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is
known as metamerism.
NOTOCHORD
Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like
structure formed on the dorsal side during
embryonic development in some animals. Animals
with notochord are called chordates and those
animals which do not form this structure are called
non-chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms
 PHYLUM – PORIFERA
 commonly known as sponges
 asymmetrical animals
 Sponges have a water transport or canal system
 Digestion is intracellular.
 Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite)
 Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge)
and Euspongia (Bath sponge).

Examples of Porifera : (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla

 PHYLUM – COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)
 They are aquatic, mostly marine,
sessile or free-swimming, radially
symmetrical animals
 The name cnidaria is derived from
the cnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which
contain the stinging capsules or
nematocytes) present on the
tentacles and the body. Cnidoblasts
are used for anchorage, defense and
for the capture of prey.
Examples of Coelenterata

 tissue level of organisation and are

indicating outline of their body
form : (a) Aurelia (Medusa) (b)

diploblastic
Adamsia (Polyp)

 Digestion is extracellular and

intracellular
 Cnidarians exhibit two basic body
forms called polyp and medusa Diagrammatic view of
Cnidoblast
PHYLUM – CTENOPHORA
 Ctenophores, commonly known
as sea walnuts or comb jellies
are exclusively marine, radially
symmetrical, diploblastic
organisms with tissue level of
organisation.
 The body bears eight external
rows of ciliated comb plates,
which help in locomotion.
 Bioluminescence (the property
of a living organism to emit
light) is well-marked in
ctenophores. Sexes are not
separate. Example of Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia
PHYLUM – PLATYHELMINTHES
 They have dorso-ventrally
flattened body, hence are
called flatworms .

 These are mostly endoparasites

found in animals including human
beings.

 Flatworms are bilaterally

symmetrical, triploblastic and
acoelomate animals with organ
level of organisation.

 Hooks and suckers are present in

the parasitic forms. Fertilisation
is internal and development is
through many larval stages Examples of Platyhelminthes : (a)
Tape worm (b) Liver fluke
 PHYLUM – ASCHELMINTHES
 The body of the aschelminthes is
circular in cross-section, hence,
the name roundworms.
 Roundworms have organ-system
level of body organisation. They
are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and pseudocoelomate
animals.
 . Sexes are separate (dioecious).
Often females are longer than
males.
 Fertilisation is internal and
development may be direct (the
young ones resemble the adult) or
indirect.
Aschelminthes – Roundworm
 Phylum – Annelida
 They may be aquatic (marine and fresh
water) or terrestrial; free-living, and
sometimes parasitic.
 Exhibit organ-system level of body
organisation and bilateral symmetry.
 Triploblastic, metamerically segmented
and coelomate animals.
 Their body surface is distinctly marked
out into segments or metameres and,
hence, the phylum name Annelida
 A closed circulatory system is present.
 Nephridia (sing. nephridium) help in
osmoregulation and excretion
 Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious,
but earthworms and leeches are
Examples of Annelida : (a)

monoecious
Nereis (b) Hirudinaria
 PHYLUM – ARTHROPODA
 This is the largest phylum of Animalia
which includes insects. Over two-thirds
of all named species on earth are
arthropods
organ-system level of organisation. They
are bilaterally symmetrical,


triploblastic, segmented and coelomate

animals
covered by chitinous exoskeleton
They have jointed appendages (arthros-


joint, poda-appendages).


Sensory organs like antennae, eyes

(compound and simple), statocysts or


balance organs are present.

Excretion takes place through
malpighian tubules. They are mostly


dioecious Examples of Arthropoda : (a) Locust (b) Butterfly

Fertilisation is usually internal.

(c) Scorpion (d) Prawn

They are mostly oviparous.



Development may be direct or indirect.



 PHYLUM – MOLLUSCA
 This is the second largest animal
phylum
 Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic
(marine or fresh water) having an
organ-system level of organisation.
 They are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomate animals.
Body is covered by a calcareous shell
and is unsegmented with a distinct
head, muscular foot and visceral
hump.
 A soft and spongy layer of skin forms
a mantle over the visceral hump.
 They are usually dioecious and
oviparous with indirect development
Examples of Mollusca : (a) Pila
(b) Octopus
 PHYLUM – ECHINODERMATA
 These animals have an endoskeleton of
calcareous ossicles and, hence, the name
Echinodermata (Spiny bodied,
 The adult echinoderms are radially
symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally
symmetrical.
 They are triploblastic and coelomate animals.
 Digestive system is complete.
 The most distinctive feature of echinoderms
is the presence of water vascular system
which helps in locomotion, capture and
transport of food and respiration
 An excretory system is absent.
 Sexes are separate.
 Reproduction is sexual.
 Fertilisation is usually external.
Examples of Echinodermata : (a) Asterias

 Development is indirect with free-swimming

(b) Ophiura

larva
PHYLUM – HEMICHORDATA
 Hemichordata was earlier considered
as a sub-phylum under phylum
Chordata. But now it is placed as a
separate phylum under non-chordata
 The body is cylindrical and is
composed of an anterior proboscis, a
collar and a long trunk .
 Circulatory system is of open type.
 Respiration takes place through gills.
 Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
Balanoglossus

 Sexes are separate.

 Fertilisation is external.
 Development is indirect.
PHYLUM – CHORDATA
 Animals belonging to phylum
Chordata are fundamentally
characterised by the
presence of a notochord, a
dorsal hollow nerve cord and
paired pharyngeal gill slits .
 These are bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic,
Chordata characteristics

coelomate with organ-

system level of organisation.
 They possess a post anal tail
and a closed circulatory
system.
Comparison of Chordates and Non-
chordates

Chordates Non-chordates
Notochord present Notochord absent
Central nervous Central nervous
system is dorsal, system is ventral,
hollow and single solid and double.
Pharynx perforated Gill slits are
by gill slits. absent.
Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if
A post-anal part present).
(tail) is present. Post-anal tail is
absent.
Phylum Chordata is divided into three
subphyla:
Urochordata or Tunicata ,
Cephalochordata
and Vertebrata.
Subphyla Urochordata and
Cephalochordata are often referred to as
protochordates and are exclusively marine.
In Urochordata, notochord is present only in
larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it
extends from head to tail region and is
persistent throughout their life.
 Subphylum Vertebrata
The members of
subphylum Vertebrata
possess notochord during
the embryonic period.
 The notochord is replaced
by a cartilaginous or bony
vertebral column in the
adult.
Thus all vertebrates are
chordates but all
chordates are not
vertebrates.
CLASS – CYCLOSTOMATA
 All living members of the class Cyclostomata are
ectoparasites on some fishes.
 They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits
for respiration.
 Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws
 Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
 Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
 Circulation is of closed type.

A jawless vertebrate – Petromyzon

 CLASS – CHONDRICHTHYES
 They are marine animals with streamlined body and have cartilaginous
endoskeleton .
 Mouth is located ventrally.
 Notochord is persistent throughout life.
 Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover).
 The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales.
 Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly directed.
 Their jaws are very powerful.
 Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid
sinking.
 Heart is two-chambered (one auricle and one ventricle). Some of them
have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and some possess poison sting (e.g.,
Trygon). They are cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals
 Sexes are separate.
 They have internal fertilisation and many of them are viviparous

Example of Cartilaginous fishes : (a) Scoliodon (b) Pristis

CLASS – OSTEICHTHYES
 It includes both marine and fresh water
fishes with bony endoskeleton.
 Their body is streamlined.
 Mouth is mostly terminal .
 They have four pairs of gills which are
covered by an operculum on each side.
 Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid
scales.
 Air bladder is present which regulates
buoyancy.
 Heart is two-chambered (one auricle and Examples of Bony fishes :
one ventricle). (a) Hippocampus (b) Catla
 They are cold-blooded animals.
 Sexes are separate.
 Fertilisation is usually external.
 They are mostly oviparous and
development is direct.
CLASS – AMPHIBIA
 As the name indicates (Gr., Amphi : dual, bios, life), amphibians
can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats Most of them
have two pairs of limbs.
 Body is divisible into head and trunk.
 Tail may be present in some.
 The amphibian skin is moist (without scales).
 The eyes have eyelids.
 A tympanum represents the ear.
Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a
common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior.


 Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin.

 The heart is three- chambered (two auricles and one ventricle).
 These are cold-blooded animals.
 Sexes are separate.
 Fertilisation is external.
 They are oviparous and development is indirect.
Examples of Amphibia : (a) Salamandra
(b) Rana
 CLASS – REPTILIA
 The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of
locomotion (Latin, repere or reptum, to creep or crawl). They are
mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and
cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes .
 They do not have external ear openings.
 Tympanum represents ear. Limbs, when present, are two pairs.
 Heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles.
Reptiles are poikilotherms.
 Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.
 Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal.
 They are oviparous and development is direct

Reptiles : (a) Chameleon (b) Crocodilus (c) Chelone

(d) Naja
 CLASS – MAMMALIA
 They are found in a variety of habitats – polar ice
caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands and
dark caves. Some of them have adapted to fly or live
in water.
The most unique mammalian characteristic is the
presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands


) by which the young ones are nourished.

They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking,
running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying


 The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair.

 External ears or pinnae are present.
 Different types of teeth are present in the jaw.
 Heart is four- chambered.
They are homoiothermous. Respiration is by lungs.
Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal. They


are viviparous with few exceptions and development

is direct.
Some mammals : (a) Ornithorhynchus (b) Macropus (c) Pteropus (d)
Balaenoptera
 CLASS – AVES
 The characteristic features of Aves (birds) are the presence of feathers and
most of them can fly except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich).
They possess beak
The forelimbs are modified into wings.


The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming


or clasping the tree branches.



Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail.
Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air


cavities (pneumatic).
Heart is completely four- chambered.
They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to


maintain a constant body temperature.



Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration.

Sexes are separate.


 Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct.

Some birds : (a) Neophron (b) Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo