Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Presentation

Epidemiology
of SARS-CoV-
2
PRESENTED BY
BISHAR SAMAN
Introduction
 SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that causes COVID-19

 It was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019
 Transmits through contact with infected people when one contacts
infected secretions
 Rapid transmission made the infection a global pandemic
 Kenya has experienced over 343, 000 cases and 5,688 deaths so far
 It was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
(PHEIC) on 30th January 2020
 WHO declared it a global pandemic on 11th March 2020
 Origin
 It is believed that bats are the natural hosts for the virus, making it a
Beta corona virus
Age distribution of Covid 19
 The charts show the age distribution of Covid-19 case in China, Italy, Korea, and Germany. The
horizontal axis represents age groups while the vertical axis represents the number of cases.
Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
 Virus particle sizes range from 70 to 90 nm observed under a wide

variety of intracellular organelles, most specifically in vesicles
 The structure of SARS-CoV-2 is speculated to be the same as SARS-
CoV due to high sequence similarity
 The surface viral protein spike, membrane, and envelope of
coronavirus are embedded in host membrane-derived lipid bilayer
encapsulating the helical nucleocapsid comprising viral RNA
 The structure of spike and protease of SARS-CoV-2 has been
resolved, providing an opportunity to develop a newer class of drugs
for treatment of COVID-19
 It has a positive-sense single RNA that directly undergoes translation
and produces protein within the help of host ribosomes
 It has four structural proteins as indicated in the chart
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
 It is one of the fastest spreading disease in human history

 SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through respiratory droplets
when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes
 Can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with
the virus and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes
 The virus replicates in the GI tract
 Viral RNA may appear in peripheral blood for severely ill
individuals
 Replication of SARS-CoV2 in the upper respiratory tract is
one reason for the virus' high infectivity
 SARS-CoV-2 can potentially be spread by infected people
who don't show any symptoms
 The secondary attack rate also determines the infectivity of
SARS-CoV-2
Incubation Period
 Incubation period is between 2-14 days
 Most people show symptoms around 5-6 days after
exposure
 The sickness takes an average or median of 5 to 6 days to
incubate
 About 5% of the patients will develop symptoms within
2.2 days and 97.5% within 11.5 days
 The mean serial interval is estimated to be approximately
4 to 5 days.
 There is a possibility of the disease transmission
occurring during the asymptomatic phase of illness
Period of Infectivity
 It's uncertain how long a COVID-19 patient will carry the virus
 The viral load in the oropharyngeal secretions is highest at the
early stages of the disease's symptomatology
 The patient can still shed the virus even after the symptoms go
away
 Mild cases tend to clear the viruses early
 Severe cases can have protracted viral shedding
 Viral shedding can remain in stools for more than 4 weeks even
when respiratory samples are negative
 Risk factors for extended virus shedding include male gender,
delayed admission after illness, and invasive mechanical
ventilation
 There have been reports of transmission during the
asymptomatic stage
Clinical Features and Symptoms
 The spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 disease ranges from asymptomatic to critical
including mortality.
 Fever- A temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher is considered a fever
 Cough- A dry cough that can be persistent and may worsen over time is a common
symptom of COVID-19.
 Fatigue
 Shortness of breath especially if the disease progresses to severe illness
 Loss of smell or taste
 Muscle or body aches
 Headache- Some patients experience headaches, which can be severe in some cases
 Sore throat, although not a severe symptom
 Congestion or runny nose
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea, especially if the disease progresses to severe illness
 Not all people with COVID-19 will experience all of these symptoms, and some
people may experience only a few or none at all
 Some people with COVID-19 may experience symptoms that are not listed here
Risk Factors
 The disease can affect any age

group
 However, older adults and people
with underlying medical conditions
such as diabetes, chronic respiratory
disease, cancer, heart disease, and
lung disease are at higher risk for
severe illness and death from
COVID-19
 The hospitalization rates, ICU
admissions, and mortality rates are
higher in older adults
Prevention
 Vaccination: The COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent the
disease
 The vaccine not only protects you but also helps in reducing the spread of the virus.
 Wearing a mask, especially in public places, can reduce the spread of the virus.
 Social distancing or maintaining a distance of at least 6 feet from others can help
reduce the spread of the virus
 Washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds can help kill the virus
if it's on your hands
 Avoid touching your face: The virus can enter your body through your eyes, nose, and
mouth, so it's essential to avoid touching your face
 Clean and disinfect surfaces like doorknobs, tables, countertops, and handles regularly
 Avoid crowded places, especially indoors, where there is a higher risk of spreading the
virus
 If you're feeling unwell or experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms, stay home and
avoid contact with others until you're feeling better
Global Impact
 The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the world, affecting every aspect of
life, including health, the economy, education, and social interaction.
 As of March 9, 2023, there have been over 530 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and
over 8.5 million deaths globally
 Health: caused a significant number of deaths and illnesses worldwide, overwhelming healthcare
systems in some countries, leading to shortages of medical supplies and personnel
 Economy: a global economic recession, with many businesses closing down and unemployment
rates rising. The International Labor Organization estimates that the pandemic has resulted in the
loss of 25 million jobs globally
 Education: Disrupted education systems globally, with many schools and universities closed or
transitioning to online learning, affecting students' learning and mental health
 Social interaction: social distancing measures, such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, and the
cancellation of large events, have affected social interaction and mental health, leading to
feelings of isolation and loneliness
 Global trade: Disrupted global supply chains, causing shortages of essential goods such as
medical supplies and food. This has also affected international trade, with some countries
implementing protectionist measures.
 Mental health: The pandemic has had a significant impact on mental health, with many people
experiencing anxiety, depression, and stress due to the uncertainty and disruption caused by the
pandemic
Conclusion
 SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that has caused a global pandemic with significant health, economic, and
social impacts
 The first human infections were discovered in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading around the world in the
months that followed
 SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that primarily replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
 The major modes of transmission are droplets and aerosols, but the illness can also spread through asymptomatic
carriers
 The majority of cases—nearly 90%—are straightforward; the remaining 10% involve serious illness and
consequences.
 Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer are risk factors for serious illness.
 Preventative measures and vaccines can help reduce the spread of the virus and mitigate its effects.
 Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and long-lasting impact on the world, with far-reaching
consequences for health, the economy, education, social interaction, global trade, and mental health

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Epidemiology

 SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that causes COVID-19

 Virus particle sizes range from 70 to 90 nm observed under a wide

 It is one of the fastest spreading disease in human history

 The disease can affect any age

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